Selections from Viri Romae;

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VRBIS ROMAS VI Rl ILLVSTRES

Selections from Viri Romae

Note», Exercijses, ani Focaftularg

BY

JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D.

UmvBKSiTY OF Michigan

SIXTH EDITION, REVISED

Boston

ALLYN AND BACON
1897

r^rUc 7 ") /y* ^ 7. ^ -L 6

Copyright, 189a,
By TOHN C. ROLFE.

KotfoooD )|t(80 :

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith.

Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

( .: . , '..

TO

professor Jofin aSCllUama aSCijtte

THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED

AS A SLIGHT TOKEN

OF THE AUTHOR'S ADMIRATION FOR HIM AS A TEACHER

AND REGARD FOR HIM AS A FRIEND

PREFACE.

The transition from the introductory Latin books to the first
Latin author, whether he be Caesar or Nepos, is undeniably
a difficult one, and various means of bridging the gap have
been tried. In France and Germany the Viri Romae is ex-
tensively used to meet the difficulty, and in many ways is
admirably adapted to the purpose. It does not, indeed, prepare
the pupil especially to read Caesar, but it teaches him to read
Latin. It has the advantage over a simplified Caesar in being
full of variety and interest, and in giving the pupil a sketch of
Roman History from Romulus to Augustus in an attractive form,
which is likely to make a permanent impression on his memory.
A pupil who has read the Viri Romae should have little diffi-
culty with Caesar.

The Viri Romae was compiled by Charles Francois Lhomond,
Professor Emeritus of the University of Paris, who lived from
1727 to 1794. Lhomond was an enthusiastic teacher of younger
pupils, and refused many brilliant positions in order to devote
himself to his chosen work. His Viri Romae was a labor of
love, especially designed to meet the difficulties of the early
stages of Latin study. It is not manufactured Latin, but a com-
pilation from Cicero, Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other Roman
writers. In his preface he tells us that he shortened sentences
which were too long, and slightly changed the order of the Latin
words in some cases ; that in the selection of his material he
aimed to stimulate the curiosity and influence the character of
his pupils by giving the preference to acts of valor, of mercy, of
unselfishness, of nobility of character, and of kindness.

Of the twenty-five selections given in this edition twenty are
annotated with grammatical and explanatory notes. These notes

vi Preface

are at the end of the book. The other five selections are pre-
pared for sight-reading, the meanings of all new words, unless
they can readily be inferred, being given at the bottom of the
page. Some exercises for translation into Latin, based on the
text, have also been provided.

The text is mainly that of the tenth edition of C. Holzer
(Stuttgart, 1889), with a few changes in orthography and punct-
uation. Holzer revised Lhomond's original text by following
more closely the phraseology of the Latin authors from whom
the selections are made. He also omitted some passages and
inserted others, mainly interesting anecdotes.

Throughout the book the quantity of all long vowels has been
marked. This is due to a suggestion made some years ago by
Professor William Gardner Hale of the University of Chicago
(at that time of Cornell University) , who has been kind enough
to read the proofs of the text and vocabulary, but with reference
to quantities only. Except in the case of a few obvious misprints,
Lewis's ** Latin Dictionary for Schools " and '* Elementary Latin
Dictionary" have been followed, the latter as the more recent
work being given the preference in the cases where the two
books do not agree. While reserving his opinion on several
points of acknowledged difficulty, Professor Hale has agreed
with me that it would be unwise, in a volume intended for school
use, to run the risk of confusion by differing from the books
which seem likely to be the standard for some years to come.

Thanks are also due for assistance to Professor Francis W.
Kelsey and Mr. W. K. Clement, of the University of Michigan.
Besides many helpful suggestions Professor Kelsey has allowed
the use of the advance sheets of his vocabulary to Cicero, from
which a few definitions have been taken.

A few Hints on Method are given on p. xi, in which the plan

of the book is more fully explained.

JOHN C. ROLFE.

Ann Arbor, Michigan,
March i, 1893.

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.

In the first four editions a number of errors, mainly typo-
graphical, have been silently corrected. In the fifth, the Notes
have been considerably expanded, mainly in the line of empha-
sizing grammatical constructions by cross references ; the Exer-
cises have been entirely rewritten and simplified, especially by
more frequent references to the pages and lines of the text.

The editor wishes to thank the teachers who have favored
him with suggestions. He is under special obligation to Pro-
fessor Isaac B. Burgess of the University of Chicago, Miss Mary
L. Miner of the Detroit High School, and Mr. £. L. Mason of
the Charlotte (Michigan) High School.

September, 1895.

In the sixth edition the * hidden quantities ^ have been made
to conform with the lists in Bennett's Appendix, with which
the new edition of Lewis's Elementary Dictionary, 1895, is in
harmony in the great majority of cases.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Hints on Method xi

TEXT:

I. R5mani imperii exordium i

II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus 2

III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus . . 5

IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius ... 6
V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus ... 9

VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex

quTntus 10

VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus ... 12
VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus

et ultimus 14

IX. Horatius Codes 15

X. Gaius Marcius Coriolanus 16

XI. Publius Valerius Laevinus et Pyrrhus, rex Epiri . 17

XII. Gaius Fabricius 20

XIII. Manius Curius 23

XIV. Marcus AtTlius Regulus 24

XV. Quintus Fabius Maximus 27

ix

Contents

PAGB

XVI. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr6 31

XVII. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 34

XVIll. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus .... 45

XIX. Gaius Marius 48

XX. Lucius Cornelius Sulla 54

XXI. Quintus Sertorius 57

XXII. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 60

XXIII. .Gaius lulius Caesar 67

XXIV. Marcus TuUius Cicero 77

XXV. Caesar Octavianus Augustus 84

Notes 97

Exercises for Translation into Latin 147

Vocabulary.

HINTS ON METHOD.

1. Pronunciation and Reading of the Latin. Pupils
should be taught to pronounce Latin accurately, indicating
clearly the distinction between long and short vowels. This
end may be attained in various ways. The rules of quantity
should be learned gradually with the declensions and conjuga-
tions. To acquire them in this way adds little to the pupil's
daily task ; while for one who has been allowed to pronounce
carelessly until he enters college to attempt to reform his pro-
nunciation is an enormously difficult and discouraging labor ; it
is really well-nigh hopeless. There is a close analogy in this
respect with the use of correct English.

As not all quantities are determined by rule, but a great many
must be learned from memory and practice, it would seem a
time-saving device to provide the pupil in the earlier stages of
his reading with a text in which the quantities are marked.
Having once learned to pronounce a word correctly, and having
never been allowed to mispronounce it^ he is likely to continue
. to pronounce correctly when his texts are no longer marked, and
to be led to look up for himself the quantity of words which are
new to him. It is in this belief that, throughout the book, the
quantity of all long vowels has been marked, including * hidden
quantities.' 2

Pupils should also be taught to read Latin aloud with such
expression that it is evident without translation whether or not

1 In correcting an error, the teacher should not repeat the faulty pronun-
ciation. If possible, let the pupil never hear a Latin word mispronounced,

2 See the Prefiice.

xii Hints on Method

they understand the meaning of what they have read. They
should acquire the habit of doing this without translating, even
in the mind. Reading the Latin, therefore, should not be an
occasional exercise, but a regular and important part of each
and every recitation, and of the pupil's preparation for recitation.
In this connection, as well as an important aid in writing Latin,
the practice of committing to memory selected passages of Latin,
and reciting them with correctness and expression, is a most
helpful exercise which is too often wholly neglected.

The ViRi RoMAE is particularly rich in anecdotes which may
be used in this way.

2. Translation. Translation into English should be insisted
on. To comprehend the meaning of a Latin sentence, and to
express that meaning in idiomatic English, are two distinct and
equally valuable arts. They should be made as distinct as
possible. The pupil should learn to grasp the meaning of a
Latin sentence in the original, following the order of the Latin
words. He should also learn to express that meaning in idio-
matic English. A literal translation should never be allowed,
unless it happen to be also idiomatic. The charge is often
seriously made that the study of Latin ruins qne's English style,
and a real danger undoubtedly exists. If, however, the pupil be
trained from the outset to think in Latin, bad English need
never be used to explain the meaning of difficult sentences.

The ear should be trained as well as the eye. Therefore the
pupil should occasionally be called on to translate, without the
text before him, passages read to him by his teacher. Often
pupils who have acquired some facility in translating are unable
to comprehend simple sentences when read to them, or even to
write them in Latin from dictation.

Pupils should acquire the ability to understand and trans-
late any Latin in which the words and the constructions are
familiar to them ; that is to say, to translate at sight. To this
end they should master all new constructions, and should learn

Hints on Method xiii

once for all the meanings of new words. They may be greatly
helped in the latter regard by having their attention called to the
derivation of new words, and to the force and meaning of suffixes
and prefixes. The force of particles should also be carefully
studied.

For further suggestions about reading and translating Latin,
see Hale's *Art of Reading Latin.' ^

3. Latin Writing and Latin Composition. The ability
to write idiomatic Latin, and to express oneself orally in Latin,
is of the highest value ; not for its own sake, but because in no
other way can a knowledge of forms and constructions, and a
feeling for the idioms of the language, be so easily acquired.
Constant practice of this kind in the earlier years of a pupil's
course gives an accuracy of expression which can be acquired
only with great difficulty later.

A number of sentences and passages based on the text will
be found on pp. 143 fol. The pupil should begin as soon as
possible to translate continuous passages into Latin, and to
write short compositions in Latin on such subjects as Romulus,
Marius, Caesar, etc.

The translation of detached sentences, while of little value as
a means of learning to write Latin, may be made a valuable
preparation for writing Latin, and a generally helpful exercise,
provided the work be done orally and very rapidly. For sug-
gestions about this kind of work, see the Prefatory Note to the
Exercises for Translation into Latin.

Sentences of this kind may be supplemented by turning direct
discourse into indirect, and vice versa, — an exercise which is
frequently suggested in the Notes ; or by asking questions in
Latin on the subject-matter of the lessons in translation, the
replies being, of course, m Latin. The latter exercise is strongly
recommended, since it also gives the pupil practice in transla-
tion at hearing.

1 Ginn & Co., Boston,

xiv Hints on Method

Rapid oral translation into Latin in some form should be a
daily exercise, and practice in the writing of Latin should be as
frequent as possible. Time spent in this way will tell; while
at first the amount of translation into English may be less on
account of the time given to translation into Latin, in the long
run it will surely be greater, and it will be done with greater
ease than if Latin composition be neglected or made an occa-
sional exercise only.

4. History, Geography, Mythology, and Antiquities.

In order to be prepared on his entrance to college to read the
Latin authors rapidly, easily, and appreciatively, which we may
assume to be the chief aim of the preparatory Latin course, the
student must not only have the ability to understand and trans-
late Latin of moderate difficulty at sight, but he must also have
such a knowledge of the historical environment, and of the
conditions of Roman life, as to be able to assume an attitude
of sympathy towards the author, and to look at things to some
extent from the Roman point of view ; in other words, he must
know something of ancient history and geography, of mythology,
and of the life of the Romans in all its aspects ; and the richer
this knowledge is, the easier and more interesting will be his
work. This knowledge he must, of course, acquire gradually,
and to a great extent from his Latin reading.

The selections from the ViRi Romae are especially adapted to
the study of Roman history. The pupil should look up all
proper names in the Vocabulary, and should consult, if possible,
the dictionaries of geography, antiquities, biography, and mythol-
ogy. It is easy to interest pupils in work of this kind, especially
if graphic illustrations are given by means of photographs, maps,
engravings, etc., and it is, therefore, the more to be wondered at
that most pupils who enter college, even from the best schools,
are so lamentably weak in this respect.

5. Parallel Reading in English. Pupils should be encour-
aged to read in English on the lines of their work in Latin-r A

Hints on Method xv

stirring poem or an interesting historical novel will often make
an impression, when the formal work of the class-room has failed
to do so, and most young people are readily interested in reading
of this kind. Especially adapted to the purpose are Macaulay^s
* Lays of Ancient Rome ' and parts of Byron's * Childe Harold.'
For a selected list of historical novels see Kelsey's * Fifty Topics
in Roman Antiquities,'^ pp. 69, 70.

I AUyn & Bacon, Boston.

URBIS ROMAE VIRI ILLUSTRES.

I. Mmnanl imperil exorditnn.

Proca, rex Alban5rum, Numit5rem et Amulium filios
habuit. Numitori, qui natu maior erat, regnum reKquit ;
sed Amulius, puls5 fratre, regnavit et, ut eum subole pri-
varet, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae sacerdotem
fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. 5
Ea re cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvu-
los alveo impositos abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte
super ripas erat eflusus ; sed relabente flilmine e5s aqua
in sicco reliquit. Vastae turn in eis locis solitudines
erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est^ ad vagitum accur- 10
rit, infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum on adm5vit
matremque se gessit.

Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos rever-
teretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit
in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugi dedit educandos. 15
Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris certamini-
bus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et
latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Qua re
cum eis insidiati essent latrones, Remus captus est,
Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus, necessitate ao
compulsus, indicavit Romulo, quis esset eorum avus,

Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

quae mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam
properavit.

Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe-
runt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris agros infestare
5 solitus esset ; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad suppli-
cium traditus est ; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum
conslderans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem com-
pararet, haud procul erat quin nepotem agn5sceret.
Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matrl simillimus aetas-

10 que expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum
Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente R5mulus su-
pervenit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numi-
torem in regnum restituit.

Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in eisdem locis, ubi

15 expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta
inter eos contentione, uter nomen novae urbi daret
eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.
Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim
vidit. Sic Romulus, victor augurio, urbem Romam

20 vocavit. Deinde novae urbi miiros circumdedit. Quos
inridens cum Remus saltu traiecisset, eum Tratus Romu-
lus interfecit his increpans verbis : " Sic deinde, quicum-
que alius transiliet moenia mea ! " Ita solus potitus
est imperio Romulus.

U. ^B^muluSf Momdndrufn rdx prifnus.

753-irx5 B.C.

a5 Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat ;
incolae deerant. Erat in proximo lucus; hunc asylum

Romulus 3

fecit. Et statim e5 mira vis latronum pastorumque
confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non habe-
rent, legates circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem
conubiumque novo popul5 peterent. Nusquam benigne
audita legatio est ; liidibrium etiam additum : " Cur non 5
feminis quoque asylum aperaistis? Id enim compar
foret conubium." Romulus, .aegritiidinem animi dis-
simulans, ludos parat; indici deinde finitimis spectacu-
lum iubet. MulG convenere studio etiam videndae
novae urbis, maxime SabinI cum liberis et coniugibus. 10
Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes
cum oculis erant, tum signo dato iuvenes Roman! dis-
currunt, virgines rapiunt.

Haec fiiit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines
raptas bellum adversus Romanes sumpserunt, et cum 15
R5mae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt,
quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius
pater R5manae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabi»orum
dux, Tarpeiae optionem miineris dedit, si exercitum
suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Ilia petiit, quod Sa- 20
bini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos anulos
et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in
arcem perduxit, ubi Tatius sciitis eam obrui iussit ; nam
et ea in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri
poena vindicata est. 25

Deinde Romulus ad certamen pr5cessit, et in eo
loco, ubi nunc Romanum Forum est, pugnam conseniit.
Primo impetu vir inter Romanes insignis, nomine Hos-
tilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit ; cuius interitu conster-

Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

nati Romam fugere coeperunt. lam Sabini clamitabant :
"Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sci-
unty longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum
viris." Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum tollens, lovi
5 aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus restitit
Itaque proelium redintegrStur ; sed raptae mulieres cri-
nibus passis ansae simt se inter tela volantia Inferre et
hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.
Romulus foedere cum Tatio icto et Sabinos in urbem

lo recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum hand ita
multo post occiso Tatio ad Romulum potentatus omnis
recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum
consilio omnia ageret, quos senat5res nominavit propter
senectutem. Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum

15 in triginta curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis cum ad
exercitum Idstrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae
paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno
fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus
est. Ad de5s transisse vulgo creditus est ; cui rei fidem

20 fecit lulius Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres
et plebem seditione, in c5ntionem processit iureiurando
adfirmans, visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eun-
demque praecipere, ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem
militarem colerent ; futurum, ut omnium gentium domini

25 exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali Romulo constituta,
ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.

Numa Pompilius

III. Numa JPompiliuSf Romanorum rex
secundus.

715-673 B.C.

Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iiistitia
et religione. Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus
est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut populum ferum re-
ligione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae
consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus 5
dedit. Flaminem lovis sacerdotem creavit eumque in-
slgni veste et curiili sella adornavit. Dicitur quondam
ipsura lovem e caelo elicuisse. Hie ingentibus fulmini-
bus in urbem demissis descendit in nemus Aventinum,
ubi Numam docuit, quibus sacris fulmina essent procii- 10
randa, et praeterea imperii certa pignora populo Romano
daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem populo
nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt
silentesque exspectabant, quid futurum esset. Atque
sole orto delabitur e caelo scisso scutum^ quod ancile 15
appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri posset, Mamurium
fabrum iindecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.
Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui
ancilia, secreta ilia imperii pignora, custodirent et Ka-
lendis Martiis per urbem canentes et rite saltantes fer- ^
rent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum liinae
descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas lano
gemino aedificavit, ut esset index pacis et belli; nam
apertus, in armis esse civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa
omnes populos, significabat.

Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero
maiorem institutis suis auctoritatem conciliarct, simula-
vit, sibi cum dea Egeria esse conloquia noctuma, eiusque
monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus erat, quem
5 medium fons perenni rigabat aqua ; eo saepe Numa sine
arbitris se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae ; ita om-
nium animos ea pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iiisiurandum
non minus quam legum et poenarum metus cives con-
tineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus
10 civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstmctus in
laniculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges,
ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus sep-
tem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.

rv. Tullus HostUiuSf Homdnorum rex tertius.

673-641 B.C.

Mortuo Numa Tullus HostHius rex creatus est. Hie
15 non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam
Romulo fiiit. Eo regnante bellum inter Albanos et
Romanes exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio
placuit, paucorum certamine fata utriusque populi de-
cerni. Erant apud Romanes trigemini fratres Horatii,
20 tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges, ut pro
sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea
lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi imperium esset.

Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium

inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo

25 exercitiis. Datur signum, infestisque armis temi iuvenes.

Tullus Hostilms

magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut
prim5 concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere
gladii, horror ingens spectantes perstringit. C5nsertis
deinde manibus statim duo Roman! alius super alium
exspirantes ceciderunt ; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad casum 5
Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Ro-
manos iam spes tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres
Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit ; sed quia
tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam capessTvit,
singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquan- 10
turn spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum
respiciens videt unum e Curiatiis haud pracul ab sese
abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, et dura Albanus
exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, iam
Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam 15
tertius posset consequi, interfecit.

Iam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares.
Alter erat intactus ferro et genlinata victoria ferox ; alter
fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahebat corpus. Nee illud
proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male sustinentem 20
arma Ciiriatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Roman!
ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et doraum
deducunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum spolia
prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa
fuerat iin! ex Curiatiis, vlsoque super umeros fratris 25
paludamento sponsl, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et erines
solvere coepit. Movet feroci iuveni animum complora-
tio sororis in tanto gaudio publico ; itaque stricto gladio
transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis increpans; "Abl

8 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum^
obllta patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit
hostem."

Atr5x id visum est facinus patribus plebique ; qua re
5 raptus est in ius Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus.
lam accesserat lictor iniciebatque ]aqueum. Turn Hora-
tius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex
proclamabat, filiam suam iure caesam esse ; et iuvenem
amplexus spoliaque Curiati5rum ostentans, orabat popu-

10 lum, ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia stirpe conspex-
issent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris
lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtiitis
quam iure causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiare-
tur, pater quibusdam sacrificils peractis transmisit per

15 viam tigillum et filium capite adoperto velut sub iugum
misit ; quod tigillum sororium appellatum est.

N5n diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fiifetius^
dux Albanorum, cum se ^nvidiosum apud cives videret,
quod bellum uno paucorum certamine finisset, ut rem

20 corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos
concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in
collem subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et seque-
retur. Qua re Tullus intellecta magna v5ce ait, suo illud
iussii Mettium facere, ut hostes a tergo circumvenirentur.

25 Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Poster© die Met-
tius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussii illlus qua-
drigis religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde
Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos
Romam transire iussit.

Ancus Marcius

R5ma interim crevit Albae ruTnls; duplicatus est
civium Humerus ; mons Caelius urbi additus 'et, quo fre-
quentius habitaretur, earn sedem Tullus regiae cepit
ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus
bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla 5
tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex
bellicosus salubri5ra militiae quam domi esse iuvenum
corpora, sed ipse quoque diutumo morbo est implicitus.
Tunc ver5 adeo fractl simul cum corpore sunt spiritus
illi feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacrTs operam lo
daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine ictum cum domo
confiagrasse. Tullus magna gl5ria belli regnavit annos
duos at triginta.

Y. Ancu8 Marcius, Romdndrum rex quartus.

641-616 B.C.

Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit.
Numae Pompilii nep5s Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et 15
religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum quibus Tullo
regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et incur-
sionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam
eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret,
eumque morem posteri acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo 20
fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit, a quibus res
repetuntur, capite velato, "Audi, luppiter," inquit, " au-
dite, fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus niintius
populi Romani ; verbis meis fides sit." Deinde peragit
postulata. Si n5n deduntur res, quas exposcit, hastam 25

lO Urbis Rotnae Viri Illustres

in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indlcit. Legatus,
qui ea de re mittitur, f etialis ritusque belli indicendi ius
fetiale appellatur.
Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a

5 Latinis ; qua re bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus
exercitu conscripto profectus Latinds fudit et compluri-
bus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum autem
in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fie-
rent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem incre-

10 scentis audaciae aedificavit. Idem nova moenia urbi
circumdedit, laniculum montem ponte sublicio in Tiberi
facto urbi coniiinxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem con-
didit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis,
immatura morte praereptus obiit.

YI« Liucius Tarquinius I^rtscus, Romanarufn
rex quintus.

616-578 B.C.

15 Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etru-
riae urbe, profectus, cum coniuge et fortiinis omnibus
Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula : advenienti
aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui Tarquinius
insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte

20 reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caeles-
tium pr5digiorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit;
itaque, virum complexa, excelsa et alta sperare eum iussit.
Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes urbem ingressi
sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et

Lucius Tarquinius \ i

industria dignitatem atque etiam And regis familiaritatem
consecutus est ; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum inter-
cepit et ita administravit, quasi iiire adeptus esset.

Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bellodomuit; Circum Maxi-
mum aedificavit; de Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapi- 5
deum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias duplicavit,
nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti
Navil auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur
inclitus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent;
iratus rex in experimentum artis eum interrogavit, fierine 10
posset, quod ipse mente concepisset ; Attus augurio acto
fieri posse respondit. " Atqui hoc," inquit rex, " agita-
bam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem." " Potes
ergo," inquit augur, et rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius
filiura tredecim annorum, quod in proelio hostem per- 15
cussisset, praetexta buUaque donavit ; unde haec ingenu-
orum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.

Supererant duo Anci filil, qui, aegre ferentes se patemo
regno firaudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pasto-
ribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. 20
EI simulata rixa in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quo-
rum clamor cOra penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad
regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et cer-
tatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent invi-
cem dicere, unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque 25
intentus in eum se rex totus avertit, alter elatam seciLrim
in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in vulnere telo ambo foras
se proripiunt.

12 Urbis Rotnae Viri Illustres

VII. Servius TulUuSf Mofnanorum rex sextus.

578-534 B.C.

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium genitus
ex nobill femina, captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in
domo Tarquinil Prisci educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu
eventuque imrabile accidisse. Flammae species pueri
5 dormientis caput amplexa est. H5c visii Tanaquil sum-
mam ei dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit,
ut eum haud secus ac suos liberos educaret. Is post-
quam adolevit, et fortitiidine et consilio insignis fuit. In
proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos

10 conflixit, nulitibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum
in hostem misit. Ciiius recipiendi gratia Romani tam
acriter pugnaverunt, ut et signum et victoriam referrent.
Qua re a Tarquinio gener adsiimptus est ; et cum Tar-
quinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem

15 eius celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlo-
cuta ait, regem grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus acce-
pisse, eumque petere, ut interim, dum convalesceret,
Servi5 TuUio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius
regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabi-

20 nos subegit ; montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esqui-
lihum urbi adiunxit; fossas circa murum duxit. Idem
censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et centurias dis-
tribuit.

Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat.

25 lam tum inclitum erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id
communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat.

Servius Tullius 13

Itaque Latinorum populls suasit, ut et ipsi fanum Dianae
cum populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedifica-
rent. Quo facto bos mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino
nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum, eum populum
summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam 5
Dianae immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae
egit et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. lUe callidus
dixit, prius eum vivo flumine maniis abluere debere.
Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem
immolavit Ita imperium civibus sibique gldriam ad- 10
quisivit.

Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, nutem alteram
habens, cum Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, fero-
cem miti, mitem feroci in matrimonium dedit, ne duo
violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed mites seu 15
forte seu fraude perierunt; fer5ces morum similitudo
coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocat5
senatii regnum paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita
Servius dum ad curiam contendit, iussii Tarquinii per
gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est Tul- 20
lia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e
curia evocatum prima regem saliitavit ; ciiius iussii cum
e turba ac tumultii decessisset domumque rediret, viso
patris corpore eum qui equos agebat cunctantem et frena
inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit. 25
Unde vicus ille sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius
regnavit annos quattuor et quadraginta.

14 Urbis Rotnae Viri Illustres

Till. Tarquinius Superbus, Bomdnorum rex
Septimus et tUtimus.

534-510 B.C.

Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit Ta-
men bello strenuus Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem
Gabi5s in potestatem redegit fraude Sexti filii. Is cum
indigne ferret, earn urbem a patre expugnari non posse,

5 ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.
Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolen-
tiam consequitur, fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut
apud omnes plurimum posset, et ad postremum dux belli
eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscita-

10 tum, quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil
respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit
ibique inambulans sequente nuntio altissima papaverum
capita baculo decussit. Nuntius, fessus exspectando,
rediit Gabi5s. Sextus cognito silentio patris et fact5

15 intellexit, quid vellet pater. Prim5res civitatis interemit
patrique urbem sine uUa dimicatione tradidit.

Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in cas-
tris essent, Tarquinius CoUatinus, sorore regis natus, forte
cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus regiis.

20 Incidit de uxoribus mentio ; cum suam unusquisque lau-
daret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avo-
lant; regias nuriis in convivio et liixii deprchendunt.
Pergunt inde Collatiam; Lucretiam, Collatini uxorcm,
inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea ergo ceteris

35 praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectls diebus Sextus Col-

Horatius Codes 15

latiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit Ilia postero die
advocatis patre et coniuge rem exposuit et se cultro,
quem sub veste abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamant
vir paterque et in exitium regum coniurant Tarquinio
Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et exsilium 5
indictum. Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt,
liinius Brutus et Tarquinius Collatlnus Lucretiae maritus.

IX. Hordtivs Coclds.

Porsena, rex Etriiscorum, ad restituendos in regnum
Tarquinios infesto exercitu Romam venit. Primo impetu
laniculum cepit. Non umquam alias ante tantus terror 10
Romanes invasit ; adeo valida res turn Cliisina erat mag-
numque Porsenae nomen. Ex agris in urbem demigrant ;
urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidus. Alia urbis pars muris,
alia Tiber! obiecto tuta videbatur. Pons sublicius iter
paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset Horatius Co- 15
cles, ill5 cognomine appellatus, quod in alio proelio
oculum amiserat. Is extrema pontis parte occupata
aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo inter-
rumperetur. Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostes; ponte
rescisso armatus in Tiberim desiluit et multis superinci- 20
dentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit. Grata erga
tantam virtutem civitas fuit ; ei tantura agri piiblice da-
tum est, quantum uno die circumaravit. Statua quoque
el in Comitio posita.

1 6 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

X. Qaius Mardus Coriolanusm

Gaius Marcius, gentis patriciae, captis CorioHs^ urbe
Volscorum, Coriolanus dictus est. Patre puer orbatus
sub matris tiitela adolevit. Cum prima stipendia facere
coepisset adulescens, e proeliis, quibus interfuit, numquam

5 rediit nisi corona aUove militari praemio donatus. In
omni vitae rati5ne nihil aliud sibi proponebat nisi ut
matri placeret; cumque ilia audiebat filium laudari aut
cor5na donari videbat, turn demum felicem ipse se
putabat.

10 Coriolanus cum a Postumo Cominio consule omnibus
donis mllitaribus et agri centum iugeribus et decern capG-
vorum electione et totidem ornatis equis, centum boum
grege argentoque, quantum sustinere potuisset, donare-
tur; nihil ex his praeter unius hospitis captM saliitem

15 equumque, quo in acie uteretur, accipere voluit.

Consul factus gravi annona advectum e Sicilia frumen-
tum magno pretio dandum populo ciiravit, ut plebs agros,
non seditiones coleret. Qua de causa damnatus ad Vol-
scos infestos tunc Romams confugit. Magno ublque

20 pretio virtiis aestimatur. Itaque quo latebras quaesitum
venerat, ibi brevi summum adeptus est imperium. Im-
perator a Volscis factus castris ad quartum ab urbe lapi-
dem positis agrum Romanum populatur.

MissT de pace ad Marcium oratores atrox responsum

25 rettulerunt. Iterum deinde eidem missi non recipiuntur
in castra. Sacerdotes quoque cum infuKs missI re infecta
redierunt Stupebat senatus; trepidabat populus; viri

Publius Valerius Laevinus et Pyrrhus 17

pariter ac mulieres exitium imminens lamentabantur.
Turn Veturia, Coriolani mater, et Volumnia uxor, duos
parvos filios secum trahens, castra Volscorum petierunt,
ut, quoniam armis viri defendere urbem non possent,
mulieres lacrimis precibusque defenderent. Ubi matrem 5 •
adspexit Coriolanus, " Vicisti," inquit, " iram meam,
patria, precibus huius admotis ; cui tuam in me iniuriam
co.ndono." Complexus inde suos castra movit et exerci-
tum ex agro R5mano abduxit. Coriolanus postea a
Volscis, ut proditor, occisus esse fertur; alii usque ad 10
senectiitem vixisse eundem tradunt.

XI. Tuhlius Valerius Laevinus et PyrrhuSf
rex Eplrl.

281 B.C.

Tarentinis, quod Romanorum legatis iniiiriam fecissent,
bellum indictum est. Hi Pyrrhum, Epiri regem, contra
Romanes auxilium poposcerunt, qui ex genere Achillis
originem trahebat. Is paulo post in Italiam venit tum- 15
que primum R5mani cum transmarino hoste dimicave-
runt. Missus est contra eum consul Piiblius Valerius
Laevinus, qui cum exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, iussit eos
per castra duel, ostendi omnem exercitum tumque dimitti,
ut reniintiarent Pyrrho, quaecumque a Romanis agerentur. 20
Commissa mox pugna cum iam Pyrrhi exercitus pedem
referret, rex elephantos in Romanorum aciem agi iussit ;
tumque miitata est proelii fortiina. Romanos vastorum
corporum moles terribilisque superadstantium armatorum

1 8 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

species turbavit. Equi etiam, conspectii et odore belua-
rum exterritl, equites vel excutiebant vel secum in fugam
abripiebant. Nox proelio fin em dedit.

Pyrrhus captlvos R5man5s summo honore habuit, occi-
. 5 SOS sepelivit. Quos cum adverse vulnere et truci vultu
etiam mortuos iacentes vidisset, tulisse ad caelum manus
dicitur cum hac v5ce : se totius orbis dominum esse
potuisse, si tales sibi milites contigissent Amicis gra-
tulantibus, " Quid mihi cum tali vict5ria," inquit, " ubi

10 exercitus robur amittam ? Si iterum eodem modo vicero,
sine iillo milite in Epirum revertar." Deinde ad urbem
Romam magnis itineribus contendit ; omnia ferro ignique
vastavit; ad vicesimum ab urbe lapidem castra posuit.
Pyrrho obviam venit Laevinus cum novo exercitii. Quo

15 viso rex ait, sibi eandem adversus Romanes esse fortunara
quam Herculi adversus hydram, cui tot capita renasce-
bantur quot praecisa erant ; deinde in Campaniam se
recepit. Missos a senatu de redimendis captivis legates
honorifice excepit ; captivos sine pretio reddidit, ut Ro-

20 mani, cognita iam virtute sua, cognoscerent etiam liberali-
tatem.

Erat Pyrrhus miti ac placabili animo ; solet enim magni
animi comes esse dementia. Eius humanitatem experti
sunt Tarentini. Qui cum sero intellexissent se pro socio

25 dominum accepisse, sortem suam miserabantur idque
aliquant5 liberius, ubi vino incaluerant. Neque deerant,
qui ad Pyrrhum deferrent, arcessitique nonnuUi, quod
inter convivium parum honorifice de rege lociiti essent ;
sed periculum simplex confessio culpae discussit. Nam

Publius Valerius Laevinus et Pyrrhus 19

cum rex percontatus esset, num ea, quae pervenissent ad
aures suas, dixissent , " Et haec diximus," inquiunt, " rex,
et nisi vinum defecisset, multo plura et graviora dicturi
fuimus." Pyrrhus, qui malebat vini quara hominura earn
culpam videri, subridens eos dimisit. 5

Pyrrhus igitur cum putaret sibi gloriosum fore, pacem
et foedus cum Romanis post' victoriam facere, Romam
misit legatum Cineam, qui pacem acquis condicionibus
proponeret. Erat is regi familiaris multumque apud eum
gratia valebat. Dicere solebat Pyrrhus, se plures urbes i«
Qneae eloquentia quam vi et armis expiignasse. Cineas
tamen regis cupiditatem non adulabatur; nam cum in
sermone Pyrrhus ei consilia sua aperiret dixissetque se
velle Italiam dicioni suae subicere, Cineas , " Superatis
Romanis," inquit, "quid agere destinas, o rex?" "Ita- 15
liae vicina est Sicilia," inquit Pyrrhus, " nee difficile erit
eam armis occupare." Tunc Cineas : " Occupata Sicilia
quid postea acturus es?" Rex, qui nondum Cineae
mentem perspiciebat , "In Africam," inquit, "traicere
mihi in animo est." Cui ille : "Quid deinde, rex?" 20
" Tum denique, mi Cineas," inquit Pyrrhus, " nos quieti
dabimus dulcique otio fruemur." Tum Cineas: "At
quid impedit, quominus isto otio iam nunc fruaris?"

Romam cum venisset Cineas, domos principum cum
ingentibus d5nis circumibat. Nusquam vero receptus est. 25
Non a viris solum, sed etiam a mulieribus spreta eius mu-
nera. Introductus deinde in curiam cum regis virtiitem
pr5pensumque in Romanos animum verbis extoUeret et
de condicionum aequitate dissereret et sententia senatus

20 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

ad pacem et foedus faciendum inclinare videretur, turn
Appius Claudius ob senectutem et caecitatem abstinere
curia olira solitus confestim in senatum lectica deferri se
iussit ibique gravissima oratione pacem dissuasit, itaque

5 responsum Pyrrho a senatii est, eum, donee Italia exces-
sisset, pacem cum Romanis habere non posse. Praeterea
R5mani captives omnes, quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, in-
fames haberi iusserunt, quod armati capi potuissent,
neque ante eos ad veterem statum revert! quam si biniim

10 hostium occisorum spolia rettulissent. Ita legatus ad
regem revertit; a quo cum Pyrrhus quaereret, qualem
R5mam comperisset, Cineas respondit, urbem sibi tem-
plum, senatum vero consessum regum esse visum.

XII. Gaius Fabricius,

278 B.C.

Ex legatis, qui ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimencts
15 venerant, fuit C. Fabricius. Cuius postquam audivit
Pyrrhus magnum esse apud Romanes nomen, ut viri
boni et l^ello egregii, sed admodum pauperis, eum prae
ceteris honorifice ac liberaliter habuit eique miinera at-
que aurum obtulit; quae omnia repudiavit Fabricius.
20 Postero die cum ilium Pyrrhus vellet exterrere conspectii
subito elephanti, imperavit suis ut Fabricio secum conlo-
quente belua post aulaeum admoveretur. Quod ubi
factum est, signo dato remotoque aulaeo repente belua
stridorem horrendum emisit et proboscidem super Fabri-

Gains Fabricius 21

cii caput demisit. Sed ille subridens : " Neque hen me
aurum tuum pellexit, neque hodie perterrefecit belua."

Fabricii admiratus virtutem Pyrrhus ilium secreto invi-
tavit, ut patriam desereret secumque vellet vivere, quarta
etiam regni sui parte oblata ; cui Fabricius ita respondit : 5
"Si me virum bonum iiidicas, ciir me vis corrumpere?
sin vero malum, ciir me ambis?" Anno interiecto, omni
spe pacis inter Pyrrhum et R5manos conciliandae ablata,
Fabricius consul factus contra, eum missus est. Curaque
vicina castra ipse et rex haberent, medicus regis nocte 10
ad Fabricium venit eique poUicitus est, si praemium sibi
proposuisset, se Pyrrhum veneno necatiirum. Hunc Fa-
bricius vinctum rediici iussit ad dominum et Pyrrho dlci,
quae contra caput eius medicus spopondisset. Tunc rex
admiratus eum dixisse fertur: "Ille est Fabricius, qui 15
difficilius ab honestate quam sol a suo cursii potest
averti."

Fabricius cum apud Pyrrhum regem legatus esset, Ci-
neam audivit narrantem esse quendam Athenis, qui se
sapientem profiteretur, eumque dicere, omnia quae face- 20
remus, ad voluptatem esse referenda. Tunc Fabricium
exclamasse ferunt : " Utinam id hostibus nostris persua-
deatur, quo facilius vinci possint, cum se voluptatibus
dederint ! *' Nihil, magis ab eius vita alienum erat quam
voluptas et luxus. .Tota eius supellex argentea salino uno 25
constabat et patella ad iisum sacrorum, quae comeo pe-
diculo sustinebatur. Cenabat ad focum radices et herbas,
cum legati Samnltium ad eum venerunt magnamque ei
pecSniam obtulerunt ; quibus sic respondit : " Quam diii

22 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

cupiditatibus imperare potero, nihil mihi deerit ; vos
autem peciiniam ad eos, qui hac indigent, reportate."

Gaius Fabricius cum Riifino, viro nobili, simultatem
gerebat ob morum dissimilitiidinem, cum ipse pecuniae
5 contemptor esset, hic avarus et furax existimaretur. Quia
tamen Rufinus industrius ac bonus imperator erat, mag-
numque et grave bellum imminere videbatur, Fabricius
auctor fuit, ut Rufinus c5nsul crearetur, cumque is deinde
Fabricio gratias ageret, quod se homo inimicus consulem

10 fecisset, hic respondit, non esse mirandum, si compilari
quam venire maluisset. Eundem postea Fabricius censor
factus senatu movit, quod argenti facti decem pondo ha-
beret. Fabricius omnem vitam in gloriosa paupertate
exegit adeoque inops decessit, ut, unde dos filiarum ex-

15 pediretur, non relinqueret. Senatus patris sibi partes

desumpsit et datis ex aerario dotibus filias conlocavit.

Pyrrhus cum adversus Romanes parum profectiirum se

intellegeret, Siciliam dicionis suae facere statuit. Inde

rediens cum Locros classe praeterveheretur, thesauros

20 fan! Proserpinae intactos ad eam diem spoliavit ; atque
ita peciinia in naves imposita ipse terra est profectus.
Quid ergo evenit? Classis poster5 die foedissima tem-
pestate lacerata omnesque naves, quae sacram peciiniam
habebant, in litora Locrorum eiectae sunt. Qua tanta

25 clade edoctus tandem deos esse, supetbissimus rex pecii-
niam omnem conqulsitam in fanum Proserpinae referri
iussit. Nee tamen illi umquam prosper! quidquam evenit,
pulsusque Italia ignobili morte occubuit.

Maniiis Curius 23

XIII. Manius Curius.

Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingenti-
bus proelils vicit. In quo bello cum permultum agri
hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse inde ditari
adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,
catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in me- 5
dium prolato iuraret, se nihil amplius de praeda hosGli
in domum suam convertisse. Curio ad focum sedenti in
agresta scamno et ex ligneo catill5 cenanti cum magnum
auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt;
non enim aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri dixit, sed 10
eis, qui haberent aurum, imperare. Quo response Curius
Samnitibus ostendit, se neque acie vinci neque peciinia
corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iiigera populo viritim
divisit j cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsigna-
ret, pliis accipere noluit, quam singulis civibus erat da- 15
tum, dixitque pemici5sum esse civem, qui eo, quod
reliquis tribueretur, contentus non esset.

Postea, consul creatus, adversus Pyrrhum missus est ;
cumque in Capitoli5 delectum haberet et iuniores taedio
belli nomina non darent, coniectis in iirnam omnium tri- 20
buum n5minibus primum nomen iima extractum citari
iussit, et cum adulescens n5n responderet, bona eius
hastae subiecit ; deinde, cum is questus de iniuria con-
sulis tribiinos plebis appellasset, ipsum quoque vendidit,
nihil opus esse reipiiblicae eo cive, qui nesciret parere, 25
dicens. Neque tribiini plebis adulescenti auxilio fuerunt ;
posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite

24 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

acto, qui militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur.
Hoc terrore ceteri adacti nomina promptius dederunt.

His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo
rege triumphavit. Insignem triumphum fecerunt quat-
5 tuor elephant! cum turribus suis, turn primura Romae
visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenta praesidio in Epirum
revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Ma-
nium Curium iterum consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopi-
nata mors regis Romanes metii liberavit. Pyrrhus enim,

10 dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quo-
dam Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adules-
centis, anus paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto
domus proelium spectabat ; quae cum vidisset Pyrrhum
in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri, periculo

15 filii sm commota pr5tinus tegulam corripuit et utraque
manii libratam in caput regis deiecit.

XIV. Marcus AtUius Begulus.

256 B.C.

Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset,
Hanno Carthaginiensis ad eum venit, quasi de pace actii-
rus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donee novae copiae ex

20 Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad c5nsulem accessit, exortus
est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum
esse, quod paucis ante annis Comelio consuli a Poenis
factum esset. Cornelius enim velut in conloquium per
fraudem evocatus a Poenis comprehensus erat et in

25 vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed

Marcus Atilius Regulus 25

periculum astuto response avertit. " Hoc vero," inquit,
" SI feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris meliores." Consul tacere
iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et conveniens
gravitati Romanae responsum dedit : " Isto te metu,
Hanno, fides Romana liberat." De pace, quia neque 5
Poenus serio agebat et c5nsul victoriara quam pacem
malebat, non convenit.

Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum
traiecit. Clypeam urbem et trecetfta castella expugnavit,
neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum monstris 10
dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra habe-
ret, anguis mira magnitiidine exercitum R5manorum
vexabat; multos milites ingenti ore corripuit; plures
caudae verbere elisit; nonniillos ipso pestilentis halitiis
adflatii exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictii perforari 15
poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile
repellente. Confugiendum fuit ad machirias advectisque
ballistas et catapultis, velut arx quaedam munita, deicien-
dus hostis fiiit. Tandem saxorum pondere oppressus
iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero ad- 20
flatii vicTna loca infecit Romanesque castra inde submo-
vere coegit. Corium beluae, centum et viginti pedes
longum, Romam misit Regulus.

Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proxi-
mum prorogatum est. Quod ubi cognovit Regulus, 25
scripsit senatui, vilicum suum in agello, quem septem
iugeriim habebat, mortuum esse et servum occasionem
nactum aufugisse ablato instrumento riistico, ideoque
petere se, ut sibi successor in Africam mitteretur, ne,

26 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi alerentur.
Senatus acceptas litteris res, quas Regulus amiserat,
publica pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit,
alimenta coniugi ac llberis praebuit.

5 Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes
contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Re-
gulus nollet, nisi durissimis condicionibus, dare, a Lace-
daemoniis illi auxilium petierunt.

Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum,

lo ad Carthaginienses miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est
ultima pemicie ; nam duo tantura milia hominum ex
omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse cap-
tus et in carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de per-
mutandis captlvis missus est dato iureiurando, ut, si non

15 impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui cum R5mam
venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit ; senten-
tiam ne dlceret, recusavit ; quam diu iureiurando hostium
teneretur, se non esse senatorem. lussus tamen senten-
tiam dicere, negavit esse utile, captlvos Poenos reddi,

20 illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam con-
fectum senectiite. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, cap-
tivi retenti sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquls et
amicls, tamen Carthaginem rediit ; neque vero tunc igno-
rabat, se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad exquislta suppli-

25 cia proficisci, sed iiisiurandum conservandum putavit.
Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt;
palpebris enim resectis aliquamdiii in loco tenebricoso
tenuerunt ;. deinde cum sol esset ardentissimus, repente
eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in arcam

Qiiintus Fabius Maximus 27

ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam
angustam, ut erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, inclu-
serunt. Ita dum fessum corpus, quocumque inclinabat,
stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore continue
interemptus est. Hie fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita 5
clarior et inlustrior.

XV. Qmntus Fahius Maximus.

218-203 B.C.

Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a
patre aris admotus, odium in Romanes perenne iuravit.
Quae res maxime videtur concitasse secundum Punicum
helium. Nam mortuo Hamilcare Hannibal, causam belli 10
quaerens, Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foede-
ratam, evertit. Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthagi-
nem legati, qui Hannibalem, mail auctorem, exposcerent.
Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius, legationis prin-
ceps, sinu ex toga facto, " Hie," inquit, " vobis bellum 15
et pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite." Poenis
daret utrum vellet succlamantibus, Fabius excussa toga
bellum se dare dixit. Poeni accipere se responderunt et,
quibus acciperent animis, eisdem se gestiiros.

Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam 20
venit. Publium Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sem-
pronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud Trasumenum
lacum profligavit.

Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fa-
bius dictator Hannibalis impetum mora fregit ; namque 25

28 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres »

priorum ducum cladibus edoctus, belli rationera mutare
et tueri tantumraodo Italiam constituit. Per loca alta
agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque
omitteret eum neque cum eo congrederetur ; castris, nisi

5 quantum necessitas cogeret, mfles tenebatur. Dux neque
occasion! rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab hoste dare-
tur, neque iillam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levi-
bus proeliis superior discederet, mflitem minus iam coepit
aut virtutis suae aut fortiinae paenitere, et ipse Cuncta-

10 toris nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit.

His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falemo
locorum angustiis clausisset, ille sine iillo exercitiis detri-
ment© se expedlvit. Namque arida sarmenta in boum
comibus deligata piincipio rioctis incendi bovesque ad

15 montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum
accensis comibus per montes, per silvas hue illuc discur-
rerent, Romani miraculo attonita constiterunt ; ipse Fa-
bius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra vallum egredi
vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.

20 Dein Hannibal, ut Fabi5 apud suos conflaret invidiam,
agrura eius, omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At
Fabius misso Romam Quinto filio inviolatum ab hoste
agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captavos Romanes re-
demit.

25 Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio ; eum-
que pro cauto timidum, pro cunctatore segnem vocita-
bant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister equitum,
dictatorem criminando ; ilium in diicendo bello sedulo
tempus terere, quo diutius in magistrate esset s5lusque

Quintus Fabius Maximus 29

et Romae et in exercitu imperium haberet. His sermo-
nibus accensa, plebs dictatori magistrum equitum imperio
aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius exer-
citumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minu-
cius temere proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio 5
venit Fabius. Cuius subito adventii repressus Hannibal
receptui cecinit, palam confessus, ab se Minucium, se a
Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum
ferunt, tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis mon-
tium solita esset, cum procella imbrem dedisse. Minu- 10
cius autem periculo liberatus castra cum Fabio iunxit et
patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.

Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est.
Hanc urbem ut Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles
iuvenes Tarentlni coniuraverant. HI nocte per speciem 15
venandl urbe egressi ad Hannibalem, qui baud procul
castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum, quid pararent, ex-
posuissent, conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque, ut rede-
untes pecora Carthaginiensium, quae pastum propulsa
essent, ad urbem agerent, et veluti praedam ex hoste 20
factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent.
Id iterum ac saepius ab els factum eoque c5nsuetudinis
adducta res est, ut, quocumque noctis tempore- sibilo
dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc Han-
nibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum 25
delectorum secutus est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt,
nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum vigilem excitavit.
Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil incau-
tus dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus

30 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

est. Ingress! proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtrun-
cant. Turn Hannibal cum suo agmine ingreditur; Ro-
mani passim trucidantur. Livius Sallnator, Romanorum
praefectus, cum eis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem

5 confugit.

Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum ur-
bem obsididne cinxit, quem leve dictu momentum ad
rem ingentem perficiendam adiuvit. Praefectus prae-
sidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater

10 in exercitu Fabil erat. Miles iiissus a Fabio pro perfuga
Tarentum transiit ac per sororem praefectum ad traden-
dam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia prima accessit ad
eam partem miiri, quam praefectus custodiebat. Adiu-
vantibus recipientibusque eius mllitibus Romanl in urbem

15 transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius
cum exercitu intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppiig-
natione cum ad opem ferendam festinans captam urbem
esse audlvisset, " Et Romani," inquit, " suum Hanni-
balem habent; eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum

20 amisimus."

Cum postea LTvius Sallnator coram Fabio gloriaretur,
quod arcem Tarentlnam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua
opera Tarentum recepisse, "Certe," inquit Fabius ri-
dens, " nam nisi tii amlsisses, ego numquam recepissem."

25 Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consull legatus fuit ;
cumque in eius castra venlret, filius obviam patri progres-
sus est, duodecim lictoribus pro more antecedentibus.
Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante consule
descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia pater-

Aemilius Paulus 31

nae maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul
animadvertisset, proximum llctorem iussit inclamare Fa-
bio patri, ut ex equo descenderet. Pater turn desiliens,
" Non ego, fili/' inquit, " tuum imperium contempsi, sed
experiri volui, num scires consulem te esse." Ad sum- 5
mam senectutem vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto
cognomine. Cautior quam promptior habitus est, sed
insita eius ingenio priidentia ei bello, quod tum gere-
batur, proprie apta erat. NeminI dubium est, quin rem
Romanam cunctando restituerit. 10

XVI. AemUius Paulus et Terentius Varro.

216 B.C.

Cum Hannibal in Apuliam pervenisset, adversus eum
Roma profectT sunt duo consules, L. Aemilius Paulus et
C. Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio magis place-
bat ; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequeba-
tur c5nsilia. Cum ambo ad vicum, qui Cannae appellaba- 15
tur, castra posuissent, Varro invito conlega aciem instruxit
et signum piignae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat
aciem, ut Romanis et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pul-
verem adflans adversi essent. Victus caesusque est Ro-
manus exercitus ; niisquam graviore vulnere adflicta est 20
res publica. Paulus telis obrutus cecidit ; quem cum
media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore
conspexisset quidam tribiinus militum, "Cape," inquit,
" hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine tua morte
lacrimarum satis luctiisque est." Ad ea consul: "Tu 25

32 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

quidem macte virtute esto ! Sed cave, exiguum tempus
e manibus hostium evadendi perdas ! Abi, nuntia patri-
bus, ut urbem muniant ac priusquam hostis victor ad-
veniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum

5 militura patere exspirare." Alter consul cum paucis
equitibus Venusiam perfugit. Consulares aut praetorii
occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi triginta,
nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum
tria milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victo-

10 riae suae ties modios aureorum anulorum Carthaginem
misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum et senato-
nim detraxerat.

Hannibali vict5ri cum ceteri gratularentur suaderent-
que, ut quietem iam ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret,

15 unus ex eius praefectis, Maharbal, minime cessandum
ratus, Hannibalique suadens, ut statim Rom am pergeret,
" Die quinto," inquit, " victor in Capitolio epulaberis."
Cumque Hannibal illud non probasset, Maharbal, " Non
omnia nimirum," inquit, " eidem dii dedere. Vincere scis,

20 Hannibal; victoria iiti nescls." Mora huius diei satis
creditur saliiti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum vic-
toria posset iitI, frul maluit, rellctaque Roma in Campa-
niam devertit, cdius delicils mox coercitus ardor elanguit ;
adeo ut vere dictum sit, Capuam Hannibali Cannas fu-

25 isse:

Numquam tantum pavoris R5mae fuit, quantum ubi
acceptae cladis nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis
mentio facta est ; quin etiam animo clvitas adeo magno
fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti cuius ipse causa

IL D. Serross, £i«>, N. T.

Aemilius Paulus • 33

maxima fuisset obviam ab omnibus ordinibus itum sit et
gratiae actae, quod de repiiblica non desperasset ; quf, si
Poenorum dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio
dedisset.

Dum Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat, Romani inte- 5
rim respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant ; detracta sunt
templis Vetera hostium spolia. Deerat iiiventus; servi
manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat aerarium ; opes suas
libens senatus in medium protulit, nee praeter quod in
bullis singulisque anulis erat, quidquam sibi auri relique- 10
runt. Patrum exemplum seciiti sunt equites imitataeque
equites omnes tribiis. Denique vix suffecere tabulae, vix
scribarum maniis, cum omnes privatae opes in publicum
deferrentur.

Cum Hannibal redimendl sui copiam captivis Romanis 15
fecisset, decem ex ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt ; nee
pignus aliud fidei ab eis postulatum est, quam ut iurarent,
se, si n5n impetrassent, in castra esse reditiiros. Eos
senatus non redimendos censuit responditque, eos cives
non esse necessaries, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuis- 20
sent. Unus ex eis legatis e castris Poenorum egressus,
veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post in castra erat regressus,
deinde comites ante noctem adseciitus erat. Is ergo, re
non impetrata, domum abiit Reditu enim in castra se
liberatum esse iureiiirando interpretabatur. Quod ubi in- 25
notuit, iussit senatus ilium comprehendi et vinctum duci
ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis audaciam maxime
fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis
tarn excelso esset animo.

34 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

XVII. Tuhlius Cornelius Sclpio Africanutf.

218-183 B.C.

Publius Cornelius Sclpio virill toga nondum sumpta
patrem singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud
Ticinum contra Hannibalem commissa graviter vulnera-
tus in hostiura maniis iam nunc venturus esset, filius inter-
5 iecto corpora Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem
periculo liberavit. Quae pietas ScipionI postea aedilita-
tem petenti favorem popull conciliavit. Cum obsisterent
tribuni plebis, negantes rationem eius esse habendam,
quod n5ndum ad petendum legitima aetas esset, "Si

10 me," inquit Scipio, "omnes Quirites aedilem facere vo-
lunt, satis annorum habeo." Tanto inde favore ad suf-
fragia itum est, ut tribiini incept5 destiterint.

Post cladem Cannensem R5mani exercitiis reliquiae
Canusium perfugerant ; cumque ibi tribuni militum quat-

15 tuor essent, tamen omnium consensii ad Publium Scipi-
onem, admodum adulescentem, et ad Appium Claudium
summa imperii delata est. Quibus consultantibus nuntiat
Publius Fiirius Philus, consularis viri filius, nobiles quos-
dam iuvenes de re publica desperantes consilium de Italia

20 deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui con-
iiirationis erat princeps, se contulit Scipi5 ; et cum conci-
lium ibi iuvenum, de quibus adlatum erat, invenisset,
strict© super capita consul tantium gladio, " lurate," in-
quit, "vos neque ipsos rem piiblicam populi Romani

25 deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere pas-

Publius Cornelius Scipio 35

siiros; qui non iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum
esse sciat." Haud secus pavidi, quam si victorem Han-
nibalem cemerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque seraet
ipsos Scipi5ni tradunt.

Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duo- 5
que ibi summi imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent,
placuit exercitum augeri eoque proconsulem mitti; nee
tamen quern mitterent, satis constabat. Ea de re indicta
sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat, ut, qui se tanto
dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur ; sed nemo 10
audebat illud imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas
ac prope inops consilii comitiorum die in campum de-
scendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipi5, quattuor et viginti
ferme ann5s natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde
conspici posset, loco c5nstitit. In quem postquam om- 15
nium ora conversa sunt, ad iinum omnes Scipionem in
Hispania proc5nsulem esse iusserunt. At postquam ani-
morum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti
paenitere; aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod
ubi animadvertit Scipio, advocata contione ita' magno 20
elatoque animo de bello, quod gerendum esset, disseruit,
ut homines ciira liberaret speque certissima impleret.

Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem No-
vam, quo die venit, expugnavit. Eo congestae erant
omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes, ibi arma, ibi 25
pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant ; quibus omni-
bus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta
est eximiae formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit
inliistri loco inter C^ltiberos natam principique eius gentis

36 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis parentibus et sponso
earn reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad earn redimendam
satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant,
ut id a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes
5 poni iussit vocatoque ad se virginis sponso, "Super
dotem," inquit, "quam accepturus a socero es, haec
tibi a me dotalia dona accedent," aurumque toUere ac
sibi habere iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam
Scipi5ni gratiam Celtiberos Romanis conciliavit.

lo Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expu-
lit. Castris hostium potitus omnem praedam militibus
concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio domum dimisit ;
Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus regii
generis, forma insigni ; quem cum percontaretur Scipio,

15 quis et cuias esset, et ciir id aetatis in castris fuisset,
" Numida sum," inquit puer, " Massivam populares vo-
cant ; orbus a patre relictus, apud avum matemum,
Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masi-
nissa, qui nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in His-

20 paniam traieci ; prohibitus propter aetatem a Masinissa
numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo pugnatura
est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo clam armis equoque
sUmpto in aciem exii; ibi pr5lapso equo captus sum a
Romanis." Scipio eum interrogat, velletne ad avunculum

25 reverti. Cum effusis gaudio lacrimis id vero se cupere
puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque
omatum donat datisque, qui tiito deducerent, equitibus
dimisit.

Cum Piiblius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos cle-

Publius Cornelius Scipto 37

menter gessisset, circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti
consensu appellavit; at Scipio silentio per praeconem
facto, " Nomen imperatoris," inquit, " quo me mei mi-
lites appellarunt, raihi maximum est; regium nomen,
alibi magnum, Romae intolerabile est. SI id amplissi- 5
mum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis licet ejdstimare
regalem in me esse animum ; sed oro vos, ut a regis
appellatione abstineatis." Sensere etiam barbari magni-
tiidinem animi, qua Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri
mortales admirantur et concupiscunt. 10

Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam
Africam transferre meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum
et gentium animos existimavit. Syphacem, Maurorum re-
gem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem magn5
nsui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque 15
legatum cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum
intima familiaritate vivebat. Syphax amicitiam R5ma-
norum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nee dare nee acci-
pere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio
igitur in Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso 20
tempore Hasdrubal pulsus Hispania ad eundem portum
appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter petiturus. Uter-
que a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud
regem est, eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal
accubuerunt. Tanta autem inerat comitas in Scipione, 25
ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem infestissimum
Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio foedere icto cum
Syphace in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.

Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam-

38 Urbis Romae Viti Illustres

dudum cupiebat. Qua re ad eum tres Numidarum prin-
cipes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio statuendum.
Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Sclpione iubet; remisso
tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret,
5 Sclpio et Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venenint.
Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex fama rerum gestarum
admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio cepit ; erat
enim in vultii maiestas summa ; accedebat promissa cae-
saries habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis

lo vere ac railitaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso
congressu Numida gratias de filio fratris remisso agit;
adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam quaesivisse occasionem,
quam tandem oblatam n5n omiserit; cupere se ill! et
populo R5mano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio

15 audivit atque in societatem recepit.

Scipio deinde R5mam rediit et ante annos consul
factus est. Sicilia ei provincia decreta est permissum-
que, ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum vellet ex
fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum nu-

30 merum complere, nee posset illos subito armis et equis
instruere, id priidenti consilio perfecit. Namque ex
omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos et ditissimos,
qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent, legit
diemque eis edixit, qua equis armisque instriicti atque

25 ornati adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra
manque multos labores, magna pericula adlatSra videba-
tur ; neque ipsos modo, sed parentis cognatosque eorum
ea ciira angebat. Ubi dies, quae dicta erat, advenit,
arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum

Publius Comelins Scipio 39

et grave bellum horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam
eis se reriiissurum ait, si arma et equos militibus Roma-
nis voluissent tradere. Laetl condicionem acceperunt
iuvenes SiculT. Ita Scipi5 sine publica impensa suos
instruxit ornavitque equites. 5

Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo pro-
fectus est tanto militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci
viderentur, sed ad certa vict5riae praemia. Celeriter
naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque
brevi Africae litora. Scipi5 cum egrediens ad terram 10
navi prolapsus esset et ob h5c attonit5s milites cemeret,
id, quod trepidationem adferebat, in hortationem conver-
tens, " Africam oppress!," inquit, " milites ! " Expositis
copiis in proximls tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi spe-
culator's hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se per- 15
duct5s nee supplicio adfecit nee de c5nsilils ac viribus
Poenorum percontatus est, sed circa omnes Roman! ex-
ercitiis manipulos curavit deddcendos; dein interroga-
tes, num ea satis cons!derassent, quae speculari erant
iuss!, prandio dato incolumies d!misit. 20

Sc!pi5ni in Africam advenient! Masinissa sie coniunxit
cum parva equitum turma. Syphax vero a Rdmanis ad
Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum dux, Syphax-
que Scipion! se opposuerunt; qui utriusque castra una
nocte perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus 25
ad Scipionem pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci
cum esset nuntiatum, omnis velut ad spectaculum tri-
umph! multitude effusa est; praecedebat ipse vinctus;
sequebatur grex n5bilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes

40 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

fortuna viri, cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem
aliosque captivos Romam misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui
egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea corona donavit.
Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginien-
5 sibus tantura terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia
ad tuendam patriam revocarent. Frendens gemensque
ac vix lacrimis temperans, is dicitur legatorum verba
audisse mandatisque paniisse. Respexit saepe Italiae
litora, semet accHsans, quod non victorem exercitum sta-

10 tim ab Cannensi pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam vene-
rat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum iter a Carthagine
abest, et niintium ad Scipionem misit, ut conloquendi
secum potestatem faceret. ScTpio cum conloquium baud
abnuisset, dies locusque constituitur. Itaque congress!

15 sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis duces. Steterunt ali-
quamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero
de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad
suos se receperunt renuntiantes, armis decemendum
esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal victus cum

20 quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat, utrumque
de alter5 confessum esse, nee melius instrul aciem nee
acrius potuisse pugnari.

Carthaginienses metii perculsi ad petendam pacem
oratores mittunt triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in

«5 castra Romana venerunt, veniam civitati petebant non
culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem
transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Sclpi5. Legati, cum
nullas condiciones recilsarent, R5mam profecti sunt, ut,
quae a Scipione pacta essent, ea patrum ac populi aucto-

Publius Cornelius Scipio 41

ritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra marique parta Scipio
exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quern
advenientem concursus ingens factus est ; efiusa non ex
urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agris multitiido viam obsi-
debat. Scipio inter gratulantium plausus triumpho om- 5
nium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine
victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appel-
latus.

Ex his rebus gesGs virum eum esse virtiitis divinae
vulgo creditum est. Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod 10
scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt, Scipionem consue-
visse, priusquam diliicesceret, in Capitolium ventitare ac
iubere aperiri cellam lovis atque ibi solum diu demorari,
quasi consultantem de re publica cum love ; aedituosque
eius templi saepe esse miratos, quod eum id temporis in 15
Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper in alios saevi-
entes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones
confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque
eius pleraque admiranda, ex quibus est unum hiiiusce-
modi; adsidebat oppiignabatque oppidum in Hispania, 20
situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et munitum,
re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque uUa eius potiundi spes
erat. Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio
atque ex e5 loco id oppidum procul videbatur. Tum
e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant, interrogavit 25
quispiam ex more, in quem diem locumque vades sisti
iuberet. Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsi-
debatur, arcem protendens, "Perendie," inquit, "sese
sistant illo in loco." Atque ita factum; die tertia, in

42 Urbis Romae Viri Ilhistres

quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est Eodera
die in arce eius oppidi iQs dixit.

Hannibal a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antio-
chum, Syriae regem, confugit eumque hostem Romanis
5 fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad Antiochum ; in quibus
erat Scipio Africanus \ qui cum Hannibale Ephesi conlo-
cutus ab eo qiiaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem
crederet. Respondit Hannibal, Alexandrum, Macedo-
num regem, maximum sibi videri, quod parva manu innu-

10 merabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem
secundum poneret, " Pyrrhum," inquit, "quod primus
castra metari docuit nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit
et praesidia disposuit." Sciscitanti denique, quem ter-
tium' diiceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio,

IS " Quidnam tu diceres," inquit, "si me vicisses? " " Tum
me ver5," respondit Hannibal, " et ante Alexandrum et
ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores posuis-
sem." Ita improvise adsentationis genere Scipionem e
grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secemebat.

20 Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam
parum piignacem dicerent, "Imperatorem me mater,
non bellatorem peperit." Idem dicere solitus est, non
solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muni-
endam.

25 Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia
obvenisset Lucio Scipi5ni, quia parum in eo putabatur
esse animi, parum roboris, senatus gerendi huius belli
ciiram mandari volebat collegae eius C. Laelio. Surgens
tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam

Publius Cornelius Scipio 43

familiae ignorainiam deprecatus est ; dixit, in fratre suo
summam esse virtutem, summum consilium seque el lega-
tum fore promlsit. Quod cum ab eo esset dictum, nihil
est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum; itaque
frater natii maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est 5
et tamdiii eum consilio operaque adiuvit, d5nec trium-
phum ille et cogn5men Asiatic! peperisset.

Eodem bello filius Scipionis African! captus est et ad
Antiochum deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescen-
tem rex habuit, quamquam ab eius patre tum maxime 10
finibus imperil pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem Antio-
chus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem
adiit eique filium sine pretio redditiirum regem dixit,
si per eum pacem impetrasset. Cui Scipio respondit:
" Abi, niintia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias agere ; 15
sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut
ei suadeam, ut bello absistat et pacis condicionem niil-
1am recuset." Pax non convenit ; tamen Antiochus Sci-
pioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem venerari,
quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit. 20

Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione repos-
ceretur, Africanus prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae
et expensae summae continebantur et refelli inimicorum
acciisatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus, de ea re dubi-
tari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin 25
etiam hunc in modum verba fecit : " Non est, quod
quaeratis, patres conscript!, num parvam pecuniam in
aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro reple-
verim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari.

44 Urbis Ratnae Viri Illustres

Cum Africara t5tam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil
ex ea praeter cognomen rettuli. Non igitur me PQni-
cae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum reddi-
derunt; sed uterque nostriim invidia quam peciinia est
5 locupletior." Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis
Qniversus senatus comprobavit.

Deinde Scipioni African© duo tribiini plebis diem
dixerunt, quod praeda ex Antiocho capta aerarium frau-
dasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit, Scipi5 magna

lo hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. lussus cau-
sam dicere rostra conscendit et corona triumphall capiti
suo imposita, "Hoc ego die," inquit, "Hannibalem Poe-
num, imperio nostr5 inimicissimum, magno proelio vici
in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi in-

15 sperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed
censeo relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc pro-
tinus in Capitolium lovT optimo maximo supplicatum."
A rostris in Capitolium ascendit ; simul se universa con-
tio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est,

20 nee quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat,
cum tribunis remansit. Celebratior is dies favore ho-
minum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace rege et
Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius
tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Litemmum concessit, ubi

25 reliquam egit aetatem sine urbis desfderio.

Cum in Litemma villa se contineret, complures prae-
donum duces ad eum videndum forte confluxerunt.
Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire existimasset, prae-
sidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat, quae

Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus 45

ad e5s repeUendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones ani-
madverterunt, abiectis arrais ianuae appropinquant et clara
voce nuntiant Scipioni, se non vitae eius hostes, sed vir-
tutis admiratores venisse, conspectum tanti viri, quasi
caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes ; proinde ne gra- 5
varetur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audi-
vit Scipio, fores reserari eosque intxoduci iussit. 111!
postes ianuae tamquam religiosissimara aram venerati,
cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt ac diu deoscu-
lati sunt ; deinde positis ante vestibulura donis laeti, quod 10
sibi, ScTpionem ut viderent, contigisset, domum reverte-
runt. Paulo post mortuus est ScTpio moriensque ab uxore
petiit, ne corpus suum Romara referretur.

XVIII. Tiberius Oracchus et Gaius Gracchus.

Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis African! ex filia
nepotes erant. Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et 15
magna omnium spe exacta est ; ad egregiam enim indo-
lem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia
Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi.
Maximum matronls omamentum esse iTberos bene Insti-
tiitos merito putabat mater ilia sapientissima. Cum Cam- 20
pana matrona, apud illam hospita, omamenta sua, illo
saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia
traxit eam sermone, quousque e schola redirent liberi.
Quos reverses hospitae ostendens, " Haec," inquit, " mea
omamenta sunt." Nihil quidem his adulescentibus neque 25

46 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

a natura neque a doctrina defuit ; sed ambo rem publi-
cam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.

Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu
descivit ; populi favorem profusis largitionibus sibi con-

5 ciliavit; agros plebi dividebat, provincias novis coloniTs
replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem sibi pro-
rogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia
per plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare vide-
batur. Qua re cum convocati patres dieliberarent, quid-

10 nam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius Capitolium petit,
manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo
commendabat. Hoc n5bilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema
posceret, segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica,
cum esset consobrinus Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cogna-

15 tioni praeferens sublata dextra proclamavit : "Qui rem
publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur ! " Dein
optimaties, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars major, in
Gracchum inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque clivo Capi-
tolino fragmento subselHi ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime

20 degere potuerat, immatiira morte finivit. Mortui Tiberii
corpus in flumen proiectum est.

Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem Tiberium,
occupavit. Tribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindicandae
fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae potentiae causa,

25 pessima coepit inire c5nsilia ; maximas largitiones fecit ;
aerarium eflfiidit; legem de friimento plebi dividend5
tulit; civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi
consiliis quanta poterant contenti5ne, obsistebant omnes
boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir consularis. Is cum

Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus 47

multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen
lata, ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit.
Gracchus ubi animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantera
eum sic compellavit audiente populo Romano : " Qui
tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas, quam 5
dissuasisti?" Cui Piso, " N5lim quidem, Gracche," in-
quit, " mea bona tibi viritim dividere liceat ; sed si facies,
partem petara." Quo response aperte declaravit vir gra-
vis et sapiens, lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimoniura
publicum dissipari. 10

Decretum a senatu est, ut videret consul Opimius, ne
quid detriment! res publica caperet ; quod nisi in maximo
discrimine decemi non solebat. Gaius Gracchus, armata
familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad arma
populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, 15
cum iam comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit,
qui dominum et mox semet ipsum super domini corpus
interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gai
mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est,
caput autem a Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opim- 20
ium relatum auro repensum fertur. Sunt qui tradant,
infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius effice-
retur, explesse.

Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus man-
dasset, ut in eos, qui cum Graccho consenserant, ani- 25
madverteretur, Blossius quidam, Tiberii amicus, pr5 se
deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam
adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille
vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum consul, "Quid?"

48 Urbis Rotnae Viri Illustres

inquit, "si te Gracchus templo lovis in Capitolio feces
subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne illius voluntati fuisti
propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem ? " " Num-
quam," inquit Blossius, "voluisset id quidem, sed si

5 voluisset, paruissem." Nefaria est ea vox; nulla enim
est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris.

Exstat GS Gracchi e Sardinia Roraam reversi oratio,
in qua cum alia turn haec de se narrat : " Versatus sum
in provincia, quomodo ex usQ vestro existimabam esse,

I a non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar.
Nemo potest vere dicere, assem aut eo plus in muneri-
bus me accepisse aut mea causa quemquam sumptum
fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas argenti
extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras,

15 quas vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum
reportarunt."

XIX. Gains Marius.

C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae rudimentum in
Hispania duce Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni
cams ob singularem virtiitem et impigram ad pericula

20 et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam
Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset,
quemnam res publica aeque magnum habitura esset
imperatorem, Scipio percusso leniter Marii umero,
" Fortasse hunc," inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius

25 dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.

Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra lugurtham missum,

Gains Marius 49

cuius legatus erat, cum ab eo Romam missus esset,
apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum diicere;
si se consulera fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut
mortuum lugurtham se in potestatera populi Roraani
redacturum. Itaque creatus est consul et in Metelli 5
locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum con-
fecit, lugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque re-
gem Bocchum adversus R5manos concitaverat. Marius
Gaetiilos et Bocchum aggressus fudit; castellum in ex-
celsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non sine 10
multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bell5 defessus, lega-
tos ad Marium misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor a
Mario ad regem remissus Boccho persuasit, ut lugur-
tham Romanis traderet. lugurtha igitur vinctus ad
Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante 15
currum egit et in carcerem caenosum incliisit. Quo
cum lugurtha detracts veste ingrederetur, os ridentis
in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque desipienti
exclamasse fertur : " Pro ! quam frigidum est vestrum
balneum ! " Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est. 20

Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus
bellumque ei contra Cimbros et Teutones decretum est.
HI novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae finibus profugi,
novas sedes quaerebant, excluslque Gallia et Hispania
cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis, ut aliquid sibi 25
terrae darent, petierunt. Repulsl, quod nequlverant
precibus, armis petere constituunt. Tres duces R5-
mani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes
fugati, exuti castris. Actum erat de iraperio Romano,

50 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

nisi Marius fuisset. Hie primo Teutones sub ipsis
Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit. Vallem
fluviumque medium hostes tenebant; Romanis aquarum
nulla copia. Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae
5 fuit. Nam flagitante aquam exercitu Marius, "Viri,"
inquit, "estis, en illic aquam habetis." Itaque tanto
ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut
RomanI victores de cruento flumine non plus aquae
biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum. Caesa traduntur

JO hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse
Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus inslgne
spectaculum triumph! fuit; quippe vir proceritatis ex-
imiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat.

Deletis Teutonibus C. Marius in Cimbros se con-

15 vertit. Qui cum ex aha parte Itaham ingressi Athesim
fliimen non ponte nee navibus, sed iniectis arborum
truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit eis C. Marius.
Cimbri legates ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque
sibi et fratribus postulantes ; Teutonum enim cladem

20 ignorabant. Quaerente Mario, quos illi fratres dicerent,
cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius, "Omittite,"
inquit, "fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram
aetemumque tenebunt." Tum legati se ludibrio haberi
sentientes ultionem Mari5 minati sunt, simul atque Teu-

25 tones advenissent. "Atqui adsunt," inquit Marius, "nee
sane civile foret, vos fratribus vestris non saliitatis dis-
cedere." Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces,
qui in proelio capti erant.

His rebus auditis Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum

Gains Marius 51

paucis suorum ad vallum Romanum adequitans BoioifXy
Cirabrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam provocat et diem
pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum
dedit consul. Marius cum aciera ita instituisset, ut pul-
vis in oculos et ora hostium ferretur, incredibili strage 5
prostrata est ilia Cimbrorum multitudo ; caesa traduntur
centum octoginta hominum milia. Nee minor cum uxo-
ribus piigna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiecGs undique
plaustris desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis conGsque pug-
narent. Victae tamen cum missa ad Marium legati5ne 10
libertatem non impetrassent, suffocaGs elisisque mfanti-
bus suis aut miituis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo e
crinibus suis fact5 ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes
quoque defendere Cimbris caesis eorum domos. Marius
pro duobus triumphis, qui offerebantur, uno contentus 15
fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu ut nov5
homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conserva-
tam ab eo rem piiblicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Ma-
rius duas Camertium cohortes, mira virttite vim Cim-
br5rum sustinentes, contra legem civitate donaverat. 20
Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusa-
vit, dicens, inter armorum strepitum verba se iuris civi-
lis exaudire non potuisse.

Ilia tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commo-
tum est. Causam bello dedit Gains Marius. Cum enim 25
Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti, missus
fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum
tulit, ut Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum
decemeretur Mithridaticum. Qua re Sulla commotus

52 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

cum exercitu ad urbem venit, earn arriiis occupavit, Sul-
picium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes per-
sequentes fugiens aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed
paulo post repertus extractusque, ut erat nudo corpore
5 caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Mintumas rap-
tus et in custddiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum
occidendum servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Ma-
rius vultus auctdritate detemiit. Cum enim hominem
ad se strict5 gladio venientem vidisset, "Tune, homo,"

10 inquit, "C. Marium audebis occidere?" Quo audito
attonitus ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se
non posse occidere clamitans. Marius deinde ab eis,
qui prius eum occidere voluerant, e carcere emis-
sus est.

15 Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum
Carthaginiensem pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis
sederet, venit ad eum lictor Sextilii praetoris, qui turn
Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam laesisset,
Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat ;

20 at lictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se ani-
madverti vellet; torveque intuentem et vocem nullam
emittentem Marium rogavit tandem, ecquid renuntiari
praetori vellet. Tum Marius, "Abi," inquit, "nuntia,
vidisse te Gaium Marium in Carthaginis minis seden-

25 tem." Duobus clarissimis exemplis de inc5nstantia
rerum hiimanarum eum adraonebat, cum et urbis maxi-
mae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos po-
neret.

Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla Marius revo-

Gains Marius 53

catus a Cinna in Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calami-
tate quara domitus. Cum exercitu Romam ingressus
earn caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversa^ fac-
tionis n5biles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit ;
quinque dies continuos totidemque noctes ilia scelerum 5
omnium diiravit licentia. H5c tempore admiranda sane
populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occi-
sorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri
potuit nem5, qui civili luctu praedam peteret ; quae qui-
dem tam misericors continentia plebis tacita quaedam 10
criidelium victorum vituperatio fuit. Tandem Marius,
senio et laboribus confectus in morbum incidit et in-
genti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Ciiius viri si exami-
nentur cum virtutibus vitia, baud facile sit dictu, utrum
bello melior, an pace pernici5sior fuerit ; namque quam 15
rem piiblicam armatus servavit, eam primo togatus omni
genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit.

Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenua-
rum artium contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de ma-
nubiis hostium vovisset, spreta peregrinorum marmorum 20
nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte eam vulgar! la-
pide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et
Graecas litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum
ad virtiitem profuissent. At Idem fortis, validus, adver-
sus doldrem cdnfirmatus. Cum ei varices in crure seca- 25
rentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse dol5ris
morsum ipse ostendit ; nam medico, alterum crus pos-
tulant!, noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii
quam morbi dolorem iudicaret.

54 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

XX. Lucius Cornelius 8uUa.

138-78 B.C.

Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mu-
lier obvia, "Salve," inquit, "puer tibi et rei publicae
tuae felix," et statira quaesita, quae haec dixisset, n5n
potuit inveniri.
5 Hic bello lugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum
usque ad quaesturae comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludi-
crae artis amore inquinatam perduxisset, C. Marius
consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi gravissimum
bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.

10 Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus eni-
tuit. Bello Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam
navavit. Consul ipse deinde factus pulso in exsiliura
Mario adversus Mithridatem profectus est. Mithridates
enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,

15 odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia
necatisque in ea omnibus civibus Romanis, quos qui-
dem eadem die atque hora per omnes civitates inte-
rim! iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere vide-
batur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefect5s duobus proeliis

20 in Graecia profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mi-
thridatem ipsum fudit; et oppressisset, nisi ad bellum
civile adversus Marium festinans qualemcumque pacem
comp5nere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia mul-
tavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, dece-

25 dere paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.

Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu

Lucius Cornelius Sulla 55

Romam properavit ; eos, qui Mario favebant, omnes su-
peravit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit criidelius. Sulla,
urbera ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui se
sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia
deditdrum inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. 5
Quis autem ill5s potest computare, quos in urbe pas-
sim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donee admoneret Fiifidius
quidam, vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus impera-
ret? Novo et inaudito exempl5 tabulara pr5scriptionis
proposuit, qua n5mina eorum, qui occidendi essent, 10
continebantur ; cumque omnium orta esset indignatio,
postridie pliira etiara adiecit nomina. Ingens caesorum
fuit multitiido. Nee solum in eos saevivit, qui armis
contra se dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives
propter peciiniae magnitudinem proscriptorum numero 15
adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui fundus in agro
Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quo-
que videret adscriptum, " Vae," inquit, " misero mihi !
me fundus Albanus persequitur/' Neque longe pro-
gressus a qu5dam, qui eum agnoverat, confossus est. 20

Depulsis pr5stratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Feli-
cem se edicto appellavit; cumque eius uxor geminos
eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum Faustum puellam-
que Faustam n5minari voluit. Sed paucis annis post
repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam de- 25
posuit. Dimissis lictoribus diu in foro cum amicis deam-
bulavit. Stupebat populus eum privatum videns, ciiius
modo tarn formidolosa fuerat potestas ; quodque non
minus mirandum fuit, private ei non s51um saliis, sed

56 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

etiam dignitas constitit, qui elves innumerabiles occiderat.
Unus adulescens fuit, qui auderet queri et recedentem
usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere. Atque ille,
cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nee
5 effugere nee placare potuerant, unius aduleseentuli eon-
tumelias patient! animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam
dicens : " Hie adulescens efficiet, ne quis posthac tale
imperium deponat."

Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando

10 vitam agere coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir in-
gentis animi, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior ;
litteris Graecis atque Latlnis eruditus et virorum littera-
torum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mail cuiusdam
poetae aliquo praeraio dlgnam duxerit; nam cum ille

15 epigramma in eum fecisset eique subieeisset, Sulla sta-
tim praemium ei dan iussit, sed ea lege, ne quid postea
scriberet. Ante vietoriam laudandus ; in eis vero, quae
secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus ; urbem enim et
Italiam eivilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum

20 in vivos saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit ; nam
Gai Marii, ciiius, etsi postea hostis, aliquando tamen
quaestor fuerat, erutos eineres in flumen proiecit. Qua
crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corriipit.

Quintus Sertorius 57

XXI. Quintus Sertorius.

121-72 B.C.

Q. Sertorius, ignobili loco natus, prima stipendia bello
Cimbrico fecit, in quo honos ei virtutis causa habitus
est. In prima adversus Cimbros piigna, quamquam vul-
neratus, Rhodanum, flumen rapidissimum, nando traiecit,
lorica et sciito retentis. Egregia etiam social! bello fuit 5
eius opera. In eo cum alter oculus ei esset eifossus,
id non dehonestamentum ori, sed omamentum arbitra-
batur ; dicebat enim cetera bellicae fortitudinis Insignia,
ut armillas coronasve, nee semper nee ubique gestari;
se vero, quotienscumque in publicum prodiret, suae virtii- 10
tis pTgnus in ipsa fronte ostentare nee quemquam sibi
occurrere, qui non esset laudum suarum admirator.

Postquam Sulla ex bell5 Mithridatico in Italiam re-
versus coepit dominari, Sertorius, qui partium Mariana-
rum fuerat, in Hispaniam se contulit. Ibi tum virtutis 15
admiratione, tum imperii lenitate Hispanorum simul ac
Romanorum, qui locis illis consederant, animos sibi con-
ciliavit magnoque exercitu conlecto quos Sulla adversus
eum miserat duces profligavit. Missus deinde a Sulla
Metellus a Sertorio fusus fugatusque est. Etiam Pom- 20
peium, qui in Hispaniam venerat, ut Metello opem fer-

I. prima stipendia fecit, served 5. social! bello, the social war

his first campaign. (B.C. 91-88) .

4. nando, by swimming, 6. effossus, put out.

10. quotienscumque, whenever.

58 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

ret, levibus proeliis lacessivit Sertorius. Nam, cum non
minus cautus esset quam acer imperator, universae dimi-
cati5nis discrimen vitabat, quod imparem se universo
Romanorum exercitui sentiret; interim vero hostem
5 crebris damnis fatigabat.

Cum aliquando milites eius pugnam inconsulte flagi-
tarent neque oratione flecti possent, ne cum Romanis
universa acie confligere vellent, Sertorius vafro consilio
eos ad suam sententiam perduxit. Duos enim in con-

10 spectu eorum constituit equ5s, alterum validissimum,
alterum infirmissimum \ ac deinde validi caudam ab im-
becillo sene paulatim carpi, infirm! a iuvene eximiarum
virium universam convelli iussit. Obtemperatum im-
perio est. Sed dum adulescentis dextra inrito se labore

15 fatigat, senio confecta manus perfecit, quod imperatum
erat. Tunc barbarorum contioni cognoscere cupienti,
qu5rsum ea res tenderet, " Equi caudae," inquit, " simi-
lis est hostium exercitus ; cuius qui partes aggreditur,
facile potest opprimere ; contra nihil proficiet, qui uni-

20 versum conabitur prosternere."

Cerva alba eximiae pulchritiidinis a Lusitano quodam
Sert5rio dono data est. Hanc ita adsuefecerat, ut audi*

I. lacessivit, assailed. 14. inrito, to no purpose.

5. Qx^hnsAaimms, frequent losses. 17. quorsum, whither; quorsum

6. inconsulte, inconsiderately. tenderet, what was the ob-

7. flecti, be turned, be influenced. ject.

8. vafro, crafty, artful, 21. cerva, hind; Lusitano, an in-

12. imbecillo, weak; carpi, be habitant of Lusitania, mod-

plucked out. ern Portugal,

13. convelli, be pulled out ; ob-

temperatum, obeyed.

Quintus Sertorius 59

ret se vocantem euntemque sequeretur. Hanc sibi ob-
latam divimtus et instinctam Dianae numine conloqui
secum monereque et docere, quae utilia factu essent,
persuadere omnibus instituit Ac si quid durius vide-
batur, quod imperandum militibus esset, a cerva sese 5
monitum praedicabat barbarique statim ad omnia, tam-
quam divinitus imperata, oboediebant. Ea cerva quo-
dam die, cum incursio esset hostium niintiata, festina-
tione ac turaultu constemata in fugam sese proripuit,
atque in palude proxima delituit et perisse credita est. 10
Neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam Sertorio
nuntiatur. Turn eum, qui nuntiaverat, iussit tacere, prae-
cepitque, ut eam postero die repente in eum locum,
in quo ipse cum amicis esset, immitteret. Admissis
deinde amicis postridie visam sibi ait in quiete cervam, 15
quae perisset, ad se reverti et, ut prius consuevisset,
quod opus esset factu, praedicere. Turn quidem Sert5rio,
quod imperaverat, significante cerva emissa in cubiculum
introrupit. Clamor factus et orta omnium admiratio est.
Eaque hominum barbarorum credulitas Sertorio in magnis 20
rebus magno usui fuit.

Victus postea a Pompeio mutare pri5rem mansuetii-
dinem Sertorius et ad iracundiam deflectere coepit.
Multos ob suspicionem proditionis criideliter interfecit ;
unde paulatim odi5 esse coepit exercitui. Romani mo- 25
leste ferebant, quod Hispanis magis quam sibi confide-

18. cubiculum, room. 26. Hispanis, Spaniards.

22. mansuetudinem, clemency.

6o Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

ret hosque haberet corporis custodes. Tamen non
deserebant Sertorium, quem necessarium sibi ducem
iudicarent, sed amare eum desierant. Deinde in Hi-
spanos quoque saeviit Sertorius, quod tributa non tole-

5 rarent; ipse etiam, curis iam et laboribus fessus, ad
obeunda ducis munia segnior factus ad luxum et libi-
dines declinavit. Itaque alienatis omnium animis iussa
imperatoris contemnebantur. Tandem facta adversus
eum coniuratione Sertorius in convivio a suis est inter-

10 fectus, magnus dux et adversus du5s imperatores, Pom-
peium et Metellum, saepe par, vel frequentius victor,
ad ultimum desertus et pr5ditus.

XXII. Cfnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et
patrem consilio servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater ex-

13 ercitul suo ob avaritiam esset invisus, facta in eum con-
iurati5ne Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei filii contuber-
nalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabemaculum
patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompei5
cenanti niintiata esset, nihil periculo motus solito hila-

20 rius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate
\isus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit

3, desierant, ceased, 16. contubemalis, tent-companion,

6. munia, duties. comrade.

7. declinavit, turned aside, gave 17. tabernaculum, tent,

himself up. 19. solito hilarius, more gaily than
9. coniuratiSne, conspiracy. usual.

12. proditus, betrayed. 20. bibit, drank.

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 6i

se tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit cust5diam.
Terentius turn destricto ense ad lectum Pompei acces-
sit multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta mox sedi-
tione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque
tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci recon- 5
ciliavit.

Eodem bello Pompeius partes SuUae seciitus ita se
gessit, ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Ann5s tres et
viginti natus, ut Sullae auxili5 venlret, patemi exercitus
reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Magnus 10
illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio
fuit; nuUus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae
erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus; inter
milites corpus exercens, cum alacribus saltu, cum velo-
cibus cursu, cum validis liictando certabat. Turn ad 15
SuUam iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exer-
citiis aut fudit aut sibi adiiinxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad
se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis iuventutem
adspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit impe-
ratorem et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et 20
caput aperire et equo descendere, quem honorem neraini
nisi Pompeid tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam
a Carbone, Sullae inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo
comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est ; quem Pom- 25

2. ense, sword. 15. liictando, in wrestling; certa-

3. stragula, coverlet, bat, vied, contended,
8. diligeretur, wcls loved, ao. adsurgere, to rise,

13. parcus, sparing, moderate.

62 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

peius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens de-
misse et flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium
duel iassit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthe-
nium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim
5 in eam civdtatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae sibi
adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius excla-
mavit, SI ob unius culpam omnes punlret. Interroganti
Pompeio, quisnam ille unus esset, " Ego," inquit Sthe-
nius, "qui Gives meos ad id induxi." Tam libera voce

10 delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenic ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in Africam larbam, Numidiae

regem, qui Marii partibus favebat, bello perseciitus

intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam subegit ad-

ulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum Ut-

15 terae ei a Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso
cum una legione successorem exspectare iubebatur,
Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat, tamen paruit
et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum
multitude obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum exce-

20 pit et Magni cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo ftiinus
Pompei5 triumphum petenti restitit; neque vero ea re
a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere
pliires adorare solem orientem quam occidentem ; quo
dicto innuebat, Sullae potentiam minui, suam crescere.

25 Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia adulescentis percul-
sus, "Triumphet ! triumphet ! " exclamavit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius ge-

2. flebiliter, cf. fleo, weep. 6. inique, unjustly. 24. innuebat, hinted.

Gnaeus Ppnipeius Magnus 63

renti conlega datus, Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario
eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in proelio- qu5dam
periculum subiit; cum enim vir vasta corporis magni-
tiidine impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum am-
putavit; sed raultis in eum concurrentibus vulnus in 5
femore accepit et a suls fugientibus desertus in hostium
potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit; barbari enim
equum eius auro phalerisque eximiis instriictum cepe-
rant. Dum igitur praedam inter se altercantes parti-
untur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero proelio 10
cum Metellus Porapeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Ser-
torius recedere coactus dlxisse fertur : " Nisi anus ilia
supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum
Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum appellabat, quia
is, iam senex, ad moUem et effeminatam vitam deflexe- 15
rat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniara recepit.

Cum piratae ilia tempestate maria omnia infestarent et
quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad e5s oppri-
mend5s cum imperio extraordinario missus est Pom-
peius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam ex 20
optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in
contione dixisset, esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn.
Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, adiecis-
setque, "Si quid huic accident, quem in eius locum
substituetis ? " summo consensu succlamavit universa 25
contio : "Te, Qulnte Catule." Tam hon5rifico civium

8. phalerTs, trappings. 15. mollem, soft^ unmanly.

II. laboranti, in distress. ao. nimiae, excessive.

64 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

testiinoni5 victus Catulus e conti5ne discessit. Pom-
peius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus navibus, brevi
terrarum orbem ilia peste liberavit; praed5nes multis
locis vict5s fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in

S urbibus et agris procul a man conlocavit. Nihil hac
victoria celerius; nam intra quadragesimum diem pira-
tas toto man expulit.

Confect5 bello plratico Gnaeus Pompeius contra
Mithridatem profectus in Asiam magna edentate con-

10 tendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque
opportiina dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates
interdiii castris se continebat, noctii vero haud tutum
erat congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. Nocte tamen
aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus esset,

15 liina magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Ro-
man! a tergo haberent, umbrae corponim longius pro-
iectae ad primos usque 'hostium ordines pertinebant ;
unde decepG regii milites in umbras, tamquam in pro-
pinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates

20 in Pontum profiigit. Phamaces filius bellum ei intulit,
qui, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat.
Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum siimpsit ; quod
cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea
medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a mllite Gallo, a quo,

25 ut adiuvaret se, petierat, interfectus est.

Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes

4. deditionem, surrender, 15. adiumento, aid, assistance.

11. facultas, opportunity, 16. umbrae, shadows,

12. interdiu, in the daytime, 17. pertinebant, extended.

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 65

secutus erat, Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad de-
ditionem compulit. Qui cum procubuisset ad genua
Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum dia-
dema, quod abiecerat, capifi reponere iussit, aeque pul-
chrum esse iudicans, et vincere reges et facere. Inde 5
in ludaeam profectus Romanorum primus ludaeos do-
muit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure
victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis in Ita-
liam versus ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant,
armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, et tertium triumphum 10
biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitafisque
dmamentis hie triumphus ; sed nihil inlustrius visum,
quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae
causam praebuerant; Pompeius enim, quod antea con-
tigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, 15
tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum fu-
turus, si, quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset
neque adversam fortunam esset expertus iam senex.

Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et
Caesarem gravi dissensione, quod hie superiorem, ille 20
parem ferre non posset, bellum civile exarsit. Caesar
infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius relicta urbe
ac deinde Italia ipsa Thessaliam petit et cum eo con-
sules senatusque omnis; quem inseciitus Caesar apud
Pharsalum acie fiidit. Victus Pompeius ad Rolemaeum, 25
Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus erat, profugit,

2, procubuisset, had fallen, thrown 7, Hierosolyma, Jerusalem,

himself down; genua, knees, 9. versus, turned; plerique, most

3. erexit, raised, people.

66 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompel sub oculis
uxoris et Kberorum mucrone confossum est, caput prae-
cisum, truncus in Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum
anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo viso lacrimas
5 non continens ilJud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus
cremandum curavit.

Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem tri-
umphos vitae exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae et
magnae virtiites ac praecipue admiranda friigalitas.

lo Cum ei aegrotanfi praecepisset medicus, ut turdum
ederet, negarent autem servi, eam avem usquam aesfivo
tempore posse repeiiri, nisi apud Liicullum, qui turdos
domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum inde peG, me-
dicoque dixit: "Ergo, nisi LiicuUus perditns deliciis

15 esset, non vTveret Pompeius?" Aliam avem, quae pa-
rabilis esset, sibi iussit apponi.

Viris docGs magnum honorem habebat Pompeius.
Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum
Rhodum venisset, Posldonium cupiit audire ; sed cum

20 audlvisset, eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehement er
eius artiis laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philo-
sophum visere. Mos erat, ut, consule aedes aliquas
ingressiiro, lictor fores percuteret, admonens c5nsulem
adesse; at Pompeius fores Posidonii percufi honoris

1, latus, side. 13. saginaret, fattened.

2. mucrone, point, sword, 14. perditus deliciis, spoiled by
9. praecipue, especially. luxury.

lo. aegrotantl, when ill; turdum, 21. artus,yr»m/j, limbs,
thrush.

Gains lulius Caesar 6y

causa vetuit. Quem ut vTdit et salutavit, moleste se
dixit ferre, quod eum non posset audire. At ille, " Tu
vero," inquit, "potes, nee committam, ut dolor corpo-
ris efficiat, ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit." Ita-
que Cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit; 5
nihil esse bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil ma-
lum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum vero
dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe, "Nihil agis,"
inquit, " dolor ! quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse
malum confitebor." 10

XXIII. Gains lulius Caesar.

100-44 B.C.

C. lulius Caesar, nobilissima luliorum genitus familia,
annum agens sextum et deciraum patrem amisit. Cor-
neliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem ; ciiius pater cum
esset SuUae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit compel-
lere, ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. 15
Qua re Caesar bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem
quaereretur, miitata veste nocte urbe elapsus est et
quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per
singulas noctes latebras commiitare cogebatur; et com-
prehensus a SuUae liberto, ne ad Sullam perdiiceretur, 20

4. frustra, in vain. 13. duxit = in matrimonium ddxit.

5. Cubans, fyin^ down, 17. elapsus est, escaped.

7. turpe, base, wrong. i8. quartanae morbo, quartan

8. pungerent, pricked, stung^ tor- ague ; prope, almost.

men ted, 20. \\bex\.b,/reedman.

68 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo per propinqu5s et
adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat, SuUam,
cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris ali-
quamdiu denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent,

5 expugnatum tandem proclamasse, vincerent, dum modo
sclrent, eum, quem incolumem tantopere cuperent, ali-
quando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defen-
dissent, exitio fiiturum; nam Caesari multos Marios
inesse.

10 Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione
Mitylenarum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla
Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium ApoUonio Mo-
loni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret.
Hue dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque

15 apud eos prope quadraginta dies. Per omne autem
illud spatium ita se gessit, ut plrafis pariter terrori
venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad
expediendas peciinias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Vi-
ginti talenta plratae postulaverant ; ille qulnquaginta

20 datiinim se spopondit. Quibus numeratis cum exposi-
tus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs proxime
aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe, invectus in
eum locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis
fugavit, partem meruit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque

25 in potestatem redactos eo supplicio, quod illis saepe
minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit cruclque suffixit.

a. adfines, relations (by marriage). 24. mersit, sank,
5. vincerent, that they might have 26. minatus erat, had threatened,
their way.

Gains lulius Caesar 69

Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus
cum Alpes transiret et ad conspectum pauperis cuius-
dam vicl comites per iocum inter se disputarent, num
illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar, malle
se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Domi- 5
nationis avidus a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat
seraperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetae,
versus :

Nam si violandum est iiis, regnandi gratia

Violandum est, aliis rebus pietat^m colas. 10

Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, ve-
nisset, animadversa apud Herculis templum magni Alex-
andri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus ignaviam
suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in
ea aetate, qua iam Alexander orbeni terrarum subegis- >S
set, missionem continue efflagitavit ad captandas quam
primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe.

Aedilis praeter Comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium
omavit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque et cum
conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit; quo factum 20
est, ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam
caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effiidit tan-
tumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse diceret, sibi opus
esse milieus sestertium, ut haberet nihil.

6. oy'idus, eager, greedy. i6. ^f^z.g\X2JV\i, demanded urgently,

13. ingemuit, sighed; pertaesus, 23. aes alienum, debt.

wearied, disgusted vfith, 24. miliens sestertium, a hundred

14. nihildum, nothing as yet. million sesterces = about $^,

100,000.

yo Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem
cum Gnaeo Pompeio et Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar,
ne quid ageretur in re public!, quod displicuisset ulli
ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit, ut ager Campanus plebl
5 divideretur. Cui legT cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad
populum detulit. Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut
legi obsisteret, sed tanta in euro commota est seditio,
ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus efiunderetur
fascesque el frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro

10 expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni
tempus domo abditus curia abstineret, iinus ex e5 tem-
pore Caesar omnia in re public! ad arbitrium adminis-
trabat, ut nonnulll urbanorum, a quid testandi gratia
signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, c5nsulibus Cae-

15 sare et Bibul5 actum scnberent, sed liilid et Caesare,
iinum c5nsulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus ap-
pellantes.

Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam acce-
pit. Gessit autem novem annis, quibus in imperio fuit,

20 haec fere : Galliam in pro\'inciae f ormam redegit ; Ger-
manos, qui trans Rhenum incoluijt, primus Romanorum
ponte fabricate aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus.
Aggressus est Britannos, ignotos antea, superatisque
peciinias et obsidSs imperavit. Hic cum multa R5-

8. cophinus, basket; stercore, 12. arbitrium, wilL

filth. 13. VcsXxa^x ^nXx^ for the purpose

9. ^ces, a bundle of rods with of bearing witness,

an axe, carried before the 18. iunctus, filled, finished. ^

highest magistrates; fasces. 21. incolunt, dwell.

Gains lulius Caesar yi

manorum militum insignia narrantur, turn illud egre-
giura ipsius Caesaris, quod niitante in fugam exercitii,
rapto fugientis e manii sciito, in primam volitans aciem
proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis aquili-
ferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus 5
comprehensum in contrariam partem detraxit dextram-
que ad hostem tendens, "Quorsum tu," inquit, " abis ?
lUic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus." Qua adhortatidne
omnium legionum trepidationem correxit vincique pa-
ratas vincere docuit. 10

Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta
liilia, Caesaris filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi soce-
rique concordiam tenebat, statim aemulatio erupit. Iam
pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari
Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nee hie ferebat parem, nee 15
ille superiorem. Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detine-
retur, et, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postulasset,
ut sibi liceret, quamvis absent!, alterum consulatum
petere, a senatii suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis
negatum ei est. Hanc iniiiriam acceptam vindicatiirus 20
in Italiam rediit et bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubi-
conem fluraen, qui provinciae eius finis erat, transiit.
Hoc ad fliimen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans,
quantum moUretur, conversus ad proximos, "Etiam
nunc," inquit, " regredi possumusj quod si ponticulum 25
transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt." Postremo

2. niitante, giving way, 12. nupta, married,

5. faucibus, /awj, throat. 24. moliretur, was attempting,

6. dextram, right hand.

72 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

autem, " lacta alea esto ! " exclamans, exercitum traici
iussit plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium conten-
dit, quo Pompeius consulesque confiigerant.

Qui cum inde in Epiniin traiecissent, Caesar e5s

5 secutus a Brundisio Dyrrhachium inter oppositas classes
gravissima hieme transmlsit; copiisque, quas subsequi
iusserat, diiitius cessantibus cum ad eas arcessendas
frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae
enim impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam navicu-

10 lam conscendit, obvoluto capite, ne agnosceretur, et
quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat, in
altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et guber-
natore trepidante, "Quid times?" inquit, "Caesarem
vehis ! " neque prius gubematorem cedere adversae

15 tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus esset fluc-
tibus.

Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Phar-
salico proeli5 fudit, et fugientem perseciitus, ut occl-
sum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii interfectori, a

20 quo sibi quoque insidias tendl videret, bellum intulit;
quo victo in Pontum transiit Phamacemque, Mithrida-
tis filium, rebellantem et multiplicl successu praefero-
cem intra quintum ab adventu diem, quattuor, quibus
in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie, more

25 fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percus-

I. alea, die, 11. intumescebat, was swelling.

6. hieme, winter, storm. 12. gubernatore, helmsman.

10. obvoliito, wrapped round, muf- 15. obrutus, buried, overwhelmed;
Jied up. fluctibus, by the waves.

Gains lulius Caesar 73

sit, abscessit. Nee vana de se praedicati5 est Caesaris,
ante victum hostem esse quam visum. Pontico postea
triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum : " Veni,
vidi, vici." Deinde Scipionem et lubam, Numidiae
regem, reliquias Pompeianarura partium in Africa refo- 5
ventes, devicit.

Victorem Afncani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius ex- ^
cepit Hispaniense, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magnl filius,
adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile conflaverat,
undique ad eum auxiliis patemi nominis magnitudinem 10
sequentium ex tot5 orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem
in Hispaniam comitata fortuna est; sed nullum um-
quam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo initum proelium;
adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo
consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem, increpans 15
Fortiinam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, denuntia-
ret militibus, vestigio se non recessuram ; proinde vide-
rent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi essent.
Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restitiita est.
Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, om- 20
nium victor, regressus in urbem omnibus, qui contra
se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquiens triumphavit.

Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinan-
dum rei publicae statum, fastos correxit annumque ad
cursum solis accommodavit, ut trecentorum sexaginta 25
quinque dierum esset et intercalario mense sublato

I. praedicatio, ^ajj^, boast. 17. sts'^^, footprint, track,

3. titulum, inscription, notice, 26. intercalario mense, intercalary

5. refoventes, warming over^ reviving, month.

74 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. lus la-
boripsissime ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum con-
victos etiam ordine senatorio movit. Peregrinarum
mercium portoria instituk; legem praecipue sumptu-
5 ariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item
de tuendo ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in
dies destinabat; imprimis ids civile ad certum modum
redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima quae-
que et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibli-

lo othecas Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, pu-
blicare, siccare Pomptinas paludes; viam miinire a
Man Super© per Appennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque ;
Dacos qui se ia Pontum effiiderant, coercere; mox
Parthis bellum inferre per Armeniam.

15 Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praeve-
nit. Dictator enim in perpetuum creatus agere inso-
lentius coepit; senatum ad se venientem sedens ex-
cepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret, monentem irato vultii
respexit. Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis

20 comes et tunc consulatus conlega, capiti eius in sella

■"^^Trarea sedentis pro rostris diadema, insigne regium, im-

posuisset, id ita ab e5 est repulsum, ut non offensus

videretur. Qua re coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta

2. repetundarum, sc. rerum, ^A7<7r- 6. 2t.m^\zxidx>, by enlarging.

Hon, 10. bibliothecas, libraries,

4. mercium, wares, merchandise; 11. slccsLre, to dry,

portoria, duties; legem 12. Mari Supero, i.e. M^ .4^W<2//^;

sumptuariam, a law against dorsum, back, ridge.

extravagance.

Gains lulius Caesar 75

amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto ducibus, decretumque
eum idibus Martiis in senatu confodere.

Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immor-
tales. Uxor Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus
Martiis domi subsisteret 5rabat, et Spurinna hamspex 5
praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi fatales ca-
veret, quorum ultimus erat Idiis Martiae. Hoc igitur
die Caesar Spiirinnae, "Ecquid scis," inquit, "Idiis
Martias iam venisse? " et is, " Ecquid scis, illas nondum
praeterisse ? " Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum 10
venisset, adsidentem coniiirati specie officii circumste-
terunt ilicoque iinus, quasi aliquid rogatiirus, propius
accessit renuentique ab utroque umero togam appre-
hendit. Deinde clamantera, " Ista quidem vis est,"
Casca, iinus e coniiiratis, adversum vulnerat paulum 15
Infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae brachium adreptum gra-
phic traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus
est. Dein ut animadvertit, undique se strictis piigio-
nibus peti, toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et vigintl
plagls confossus est. Cum Marcum Briitum, quem filii 2c
loco habebat, in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse fertur :
" TG quoque, mi fill ! "

lUud inter omnes fere constitit, talem ei mortem
paene ex sententia obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum

5. haruspex, soothsayer, 17. prosilire, to leap forward.

13. renuenli, refusing; apprehen- 18. pugionibus, daggers,

dit, seized. 24. ex sententia, according to his
i6. infra, Mow; SLrreptum, seized ; desire; obtigisse, had hap-

graphid, stylus, writing-style. pened^ had befallen.

/6 Urhis Rotnae Viri Illustres

apud Xenophontem legisset, Cyrum ultima valetudine
mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspematus tarn len-
turn mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et
pridie quam occlderetur, in sermone nato super cenam,

5 quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus, repentinum
inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque
triennio quisquam amplius supervixit neque morte ne-
cessaria periit. Damnati omnes alius alio casu perie-
runt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonniilli semet

10 eodem illo pugione^ quo Caesarem violaverunt, inter-
emerunt.

Quo rarior in regibus et piincipibus viris moderatio,
hoc laudanda magis est. C. lulius Caesar victoria
civili clementissime usus est; cum enim sciinia depre-

15 hendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab eis,
qui videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse par-
tibus, legere noluit, sed combussit, ne ^orte in multos
gravius consulendi locum darent. Cicero banc laudem
eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci soleret

20 nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes occasione oblata libens
deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa
eius adversum . se epigrararaata. Valerium CatuUum,
cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam non ignorabat,
adhibuit cenae. C. MemmiT suffragator in petitione

I. ultima valetudine, in his last ill- 9. naufragio, shipwreck.

ness. 14. sciinia, ace. plu., portfolio, let-

5. commodissimus, most suitable, ter-case,

most favorable. 20. simultatSs, enmities.

8. morte necessaria, by a natural 21. ultro, voluntarily.

death. 24. ^\}&x%!gfiXox, supporter, partisan.

Marcus Tullius Cicero yj

consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se ora-
tiones sciebat.

Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore,
nigris vegetisque oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitil
deforraitatem, quod saepe obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia 5
erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus decretis sibi a
senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut
usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestan-
dae. Vini parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem
negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est, iinum ex omnibus 10
Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium acces-
sisse. Arm5rum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra
fidem patiens ; in agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius
pedibus antelbat, capite detecto, seu s5l, seu imber
erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate conficiebat, is
dt persaepe nuntios de se praevenlret; neque eum
morabantur flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis
utribus traiciebat.

XXIV# Marcus Tullius Cicero.

106-43 B.C.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod
est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis iinus 20

4. vegetis, animated, bright; 8. usurpavit, make use of,

calvo, bald. 12. ultra, beyond,

5. obtrectatorum, detractors, en- 18. utribus, bags made of skins.

emits; obnoxia, liable^ ex-
posed.

78 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

verrucam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano
simitem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genfi inditum.
Suadentibus quibusdam, ut id nomen mutaret, "Dabo
operam," inquit, "ut istud cognomen nobilissimorura

5 nominum splendorem vincat." Cum a patre Romam

missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis inter-

esset, eas artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad huma-

• nitatem solet Informari, tanto successu tantaque cum

praeceptomm turn ceterorum discipulorum admiratione

10 id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina
ad alios manasset, non paucT, qui eius videndi et audi-
endi gratia scholas adlrent, reperti esse dicantur.

Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores
viam muniri posse intellegeret quam arte dicendi et

15 eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium incubuit; in

quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in

Foro et iiidiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur,

. sed privatim quoque diligentissime se exerceret. Pri-

mum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus Sullanos osten-

20 dit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii acciisa-
tum, ob Chrysogoni, Sullae llbertT, qui in eius adversariis
erat, potentiam nemo defendere auderet, tanta eloquen-
tiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum in arte di-
cendi niillus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam

25 veritus Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum

I. verriicam, wart; naso, nose; 15. mcv^niX, applied himself,

ciceris grano, chickpea. 17. sectaretur, frequentative of se-
II. manasset, had /lowed, had quor.

spread. 25. veritus, fearing.

Marcus Tullius Cicero 79

philosophum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa
Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum rhetorem
turn disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Cice-
ronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per
hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude privaretur. 5

Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Niillius
vero quaestiira aut gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna
tum esset annonae difficultas, initio molestus erat Sicu-
lis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; postea
vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius expert!, 10
maiores quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam prae-
tori detulerunt. E Sicilia reversus Romam in causis
dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum patronos
et esset et haberetur princeps.

Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniuratio- 15
nem singulari virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Ca-
tilinae proavum, M. Sergium, incredibili fortitudine
fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit secundo bell5
Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit ; ,
stipendils duobus ter et viciens vulneratus est; ob id 20
neutra manu, neutro pede satis utilis, plurimTsque postea
stipendils debilis mfles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus,
bis vinculorum eius proftigus, viginti mensibus nuUo
non die in catenis aut corapedibus custoditus. Sinistra
manii sola quater pugnavit, du5bus equis Tnsidente eo 25
suffossis. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata

3. disertissimum, »K7j/ ^/^^«tf»/*. 24. catenis, chains; compedibus,

16. compressit, checked, repressed^ fetters,

22. debilis, crippled, disabled. 26. suffossis, stabbed from below.

8o Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

proeliatus Crermonam obsidione exemit, Placentiam tu-
tatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit. " Ce^
teri profecto," Plinius addit, "victores hominum fuere,
Sergius vicit etiam fortiinam."
5 Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit
pronepotis. scelus. Hie enim rei familiaris, quara pro-
fuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum conscientia in
furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus indig-
natusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus

10 esset, coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules
trucidare, urbem incendere, diripere aerarium consti-
tuerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo imperio, nisi ilia
coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules incidis-
set, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu

15 oppressit. Cum Cicero habito senatu in praesentem

reum perorasset, Catilina, incendium suum ruina se

restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad exer-

citum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlatiirus urbl.

. Sed socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi

20 in carcere necati sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordi-
nis filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma inter aequales
nitentem, pravo consilio Catilmae amicitiam seciitum
inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum
supplicio mortis adfecit, praefatus, non se Catilmae

25 ilium adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus Catilinam
genuisse.

6. pronepotis, great-grandson. 24. praefatus, having first said.

22. nitentem, conspicuous.

Marcus Tullius Cicero 8i

Neque eo magis ab incepto CatilTna destitit, sed
mfestis signis R5mam petens Antonil exercitu opprimi-
tur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit, exitus docuit ; nemo
hostium bello superfuit; quern quisque in pugnando
ceperat locum, eum amissa anima fegebat. Catilina 5
longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est; pul-
cherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset ! Senatus
populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appel-
lavit. Cicero ipse in orati5ne pro Sulla palam praedi-
cat, consilium patriae servandae fuisse iniectum sibi a 10
diis, cum Catilina coniiirasset adversus eam. "O dii
immortales," inquit, "vos profecto incendistis tum ani-
mum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avo-
castis me a cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et conver-
tistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique praetu- 15
listis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis
erroris et inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt
vestra. Nee vero possum tantum dare ingenio meo,
ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate ilia turbulen-
tissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factii." 20

Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tri-
bunus plebis, quod cives R5manos indicta causa neca-
visset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in publico luctii, veste
mutata pr5 eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset armis
salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere, quam sua 25
causa caedem fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes

5. tegebat, covered, 12. profecto, certainly.

6. cadavera, corpses. 16. tenebris, darkness.

82 Urbis Rotnae Viri Illustres

pr5secuti sunt. Dein Clodius edictum proposuit, ut
Marco TuUio igni et aqua interdiceretur ; illius domum
et villas incendit. Sed vis ilia non diuturaa fuit; mox
enim totus fere populus Romanus ingenti desideri5
5 Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit et maximo omnium
ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est Nihil
per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit,
accidit iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab ilniversis
itum est; domus eius piiblica peciinia restituta est.

10 Gravissimae ilia tempestate inter Caesarem et Pom-
peium ortae sunt inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi
non posse videretur. Cicero quidem summo studio
enitebatur, ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis
calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem

15 ineundam permovere posset, Pompeium secutus est.
Sed vict5 Pompeio, a Caesare victore veniam ultro ac-
cepit. Quo interfecto Octavianura, Caesaris heredem,
fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque, ut a senatu
hostis iudicaretur.

20 Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Cice-
ronem iam diu sibi inimicum proscripsit. Qua re
audita Cicero transversis itineribus in vfllam, quae a
man proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscen-
dit, in Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in

25 altum provectum cum modo venfi adversi rettulissent,
modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset, taedium

2. ignl et aqua interdiceretur, was 13. enitebatur, strove»

forbidden fire and water, i.e. 18. fbvit, favored, supported,
was banished, 25. modo . . . modo, now . . . now.

Marcus Tullius Cicero 83

tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad
villam, " Moriar," inquit, " in patria saepe servata."
Satis constat, adventantibus percussoribus serv5s forti-
ter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum
deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua co- 5
geret, iussisse. Prominent! ex lectica et immotam cer-
vicem praebenti caput praecisum est. Manus quoque
abscisae ; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque iussu
cum dextra manu in rostris positum.

Quam diu res publica Romana pefr eos gerebatur, qui- 10
bus se ipsa commiserat, in earn curas c5gitationesque
fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus operae po-
nebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem
dominatii iinius lulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non
se angoribus dedidit nee indignis homine docto volup- 15
tatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque riira pera-
grabat, abdebatque se quantum licebat, et solus erat.
Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, exTstimavit
honestissime molestias posse deponi, si se ad philoso-
phiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum temporis tri- 20
buerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scri-
bendum ; atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid pr5desse
posset, elaboravit, ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores,
pluraque brevi tempore eversa re publica scripsit, quam
multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae et La- 25
tinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapi-

5. lecticam, litter, 15. angoribus, vexation,

6. prominenti, leaning out. l6. rura, the country.

7. cervicem, neck, 25. facundiae (for, fan), eloquence.

84 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

entium praecepto, qui decent non solum ex malis eli-
gere minima oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipas,
si quid insit boni.

Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum,
5 generum suum, exiguae statiirae hominem, vidisset
longo gladi5 accinctum, "Quis," inquit, "generum
meum ad gladium adligavit?"

Matr5na quaedam, iuniorem se quam erat simulans,
dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere ; cui Cicer5,
10 " Verum est," inquit, " nam hoc viginti annos audio."

Caesar, alter5 consule mortuo die Decembris ultima,
Caninium consulem hora septima in reliquam diei par-
tem reniintiaverat ; quem cum plerique Trent saliitatum
de more, " Festinemus," inquit Cicero, " priusquam
15 abeat magistrate." De eddem Caninio scripsit Cicero :
"Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto suo consu-
latii somnum non viderit."

XXV, Caesar Octdvidnus Augustus,

63 B.C. to 14 A.D.

Octaviapus, luliae, Gia Caesaris sororis, nepos, quar-

tum annum agens patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adop-

20 tatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus Gnaei

Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo ApoUo-

niam missus studiis vacavit. Utque primum occisum

2. excerpere, io pick out, extract, 16. mirifica, wonderful.

4. facete, wittily.

Caesar Octavianus Augustus 85

Caesarem heredemque se coraperit, in urbem regres-
sus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlec-
toque veteranorum exercitu opera Decimo Briito tulit,
qui ab Antonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Cum autem
urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus 5
certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis lami-
nis inscriptas, quas ad brachium religatas urinatores
Scultennam amnem tranantes ad Brutum deferebant.
Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur. Columbis enim,
quas inclusas ante fame affecerat, epistulas ad coUum 10
religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat.
Illae, lucis cibique avidae, altissima aedificiorum pe-
tentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto; qui eo modo
de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam dis-
posito quibusdam locis cibo columbas illiic devolare 15
instituerat.

Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis con-
fecit; quorum in altero n5n ducis modo, sed militis
etiam fiinctus est offici5 atque in media dimicatione,
aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris 20
subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum
Antonio gratia iunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesa-
ris necem ulclsceretur, ad urbem hostlliter accessit
misitque, qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum depos-
cerent Cunctante senatii, centurio prince ps legationis 25

6. plumbeis laminis, leaden 9. columbis, doves,

plates. 10. fame, hunger.

7, brachium, arm ; urinatores, 14. utique, especially.

divers, 20. saucio, wounded.

S6 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

reiecto sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit
in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos non feceritis."

Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum
invasisset, pacem fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut
5 triumviri rei publicae constituendae per quinquennium
essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque
inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe
crudelior fuit. Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae
impietatis vel mirae fidei ac constantiae exempla. T. To-

10 ranius, triumvirorum partes seciitus, proscripti patris sui,
praetorii et oraatl viri, latebras, aetatem notasque corpo-
ris, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum
persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cog-
novisset, ad clientem suum confugit; sed filius eius per

15 ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis occidendum eum in
conspectii suo obiecit.

Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in
regione Salemitana lateret, servi eius comprehensi mul-
tumque ac diu torti negabant se scire, ubi dominus esset.

20 Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque boni
exempli servos ulterius crucian ; sed processit in medium
iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cHiusdam
servus cum ad dominura proscriptum occidendum milites
advenisse cognosset, eommutata cum eo veste, permiitato

25 etiam anulo, ilium postico clam emisit, se autem in cubi-

I. sagulo, cloak; capulum, hilt; 18. Salernitana, of Salernum (in
cf. capio. Campania, modern Salerno).

25. postico, a back door.

Caesar Octavianns Augustus 87

culum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occTdl passus
est. " Quanti viri est," addit Seneca, "cum praemia pro-
ditionis ingentia ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem
concuplscere ! "

Octavianus deinde M. Briitum, interfectorem Caesaris, 5
bello persecutus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque
aeger, duplici proelio transegit; quorum priore castris
exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se gessit ; in
nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum con-
tumelia saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti 10
respondisse dicitur, iam istam in volucrum fore potestate.
Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita rogantes, sortirl fertur
iussisse, ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum patre, quia
se obtulerat, occiso filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset
nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel 15
excusare se conantibus una voce occurrebat, moriendum
esse. Scribunt quidam, trecentos ex dediticiis electos
ad aram divo lulio exstructam Idibus Martiis hostiarum
more mactatos.

Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is repudiata 20
Octavia sorore Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset
ux5rem ; quae quidem mulier cum Ant5nio liixii et deli-
ciis certabat. Una se cena centiens sestertium absumptu-
ram aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed
fieri posse non arbitrabatur. Poster© igitur die magni- 25
ficam alias cenam, sed cottidianam Antonio apposuit,

I. lectulum, couch, bed. 19. mactatos, slaughtered.

4. concuplscere, inch, of cupio. 23. centiens sestertium, ten mil-

vj. dediticiis (ded6),/mo«^/-j(7/2^tir' lion sesterces (about ;^4io,ooo).

88 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

inridenti, quod promiss5 stare n5n potuisset. At ilia
infern mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri
unum tantum vas ante earn posuere aceti, cuius asperitas
visque margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio,

5 quidnam esset actura, margaritam, quam auribus gerebat,
detKixit et acet5 liquefactam absorbuit. Victum Anto-
nium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.

Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actiuni, qui locus est
in Epiro, navali proelio dimicavit Victum et fugientem

10 persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et Alexandream, quo Anto-
nius cum Cleopatra confiigerat, obsedit. Antonius in
ultima rerum desperati5ne, cum habitu regis in solio
regal! sedisset, mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra,
quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in pbtestatem redacta,

15 magnopere cupiebat vivam comprehend! triumph5que
servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsii
periit. Cleopatrae mortuae commiinem cum Antonio
sepulturam tribuit.

Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio poti-

20 tus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia posthac in eo plena
mansuetudinis et humanitatis. Multis ignovit vel e!s, qui
saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in Italiam
triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe
compositis Ian! gemini portas sua manii clausit, quae bis

25 tantum antea clausae fuerant, primum sub Numa rege,
iterum post pr!mum Punicum bellum. Tunc omnes

2. raensam, course, 12. solio, throne,

3. aceti, vinegar, 16. aspidem, oj^, viper,

4. margaiitas. ^^or/r.

Caesar Octavianus Augustus 89

praeteritorum malorum oblivi5 cepit populusque Ro-
manus praesentis otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano
maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipsi Augusto cog-
nomen datum et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis eodem
nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus 5
finis esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi
maximo consensu detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans
respondit Augustus his verbis : " Compos factus votorum
meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod deos
immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum 10
ad ultimum vitae finem mihi perferre liceat ! "

Dictatiiram magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est.
Domini appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tri-
bui edicto vetuit. Immo de restituenda re piiblica non
semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum non sine 15
periculo fore et rem piiblicam plurium arbitrio commis-
sum iri, summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, ne
quem novi status paeniteret. Bene de eis etiam, quos
adversaries expertus erat, et sentiebat et loquebatur.
Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit ; cumque 20
puer territus voliimen Ciceronis, quod manii tenebat,
veste tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim red-
dito, " Hie vir," inquit, " fUi mi, doctus fuit et patriae
amans."

4. Sextilis, the sixth month (count- 14. Immo, Nay more,

ing from March). 17. studuit, made it his aim,

8. Compos factus votorum meo-
rum, // I should gain my
hearts desire.

go Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comi-
tate adeuntes excipiebat. Convenit aliquando eum vete-
ranus mlles^ qui vocatus in ius periclitabatur, rogavitque,
ut sibi adesset; statim Augustus unum e comitatu suo
5 elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Turn
veteranus exclamavit, "At non ego, te periclitante
bello Actiaco, vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pug-
navi," simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus
atque ipse venit in advocati5nem.

10 Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam
reverteretur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam
corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec dicere : " Ave,
Caesar, victor, imperator ! " Miratus Caesar officiosam
avem viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis,

15 ad quem nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit
Caesari habere ilium et alium corvum, quem ut adferre
cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae didicerat, ex-
pressit : " Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator ! " Nihil
exasperatus Caesar satis duxit, iubere ilium dividere

20 donativum cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psit-
taco emi eum iussit.

Exemplum sutorem pauperem soUicitavit, ut corvum
institueret ad parem salutationem. Qui impendio ex-
haustus saepe ad avem non respondentem dicere sole-

25 bat : " Opera et impensa periit ! " Aliquando tamen

4. comitatu, suite. 20. psittaco, parrot,

7. vicarium, substitute, 22. siitorem, cobbler,

14. viginti milibus nummorum, 23. impendio, outlay, expense,

twenty thousand sesterces 25. impensa, cf. impendio.
(about $820).

Caesar Octavianus Augustus 91

corvus coepit dicere dictam salutationem. Hac au-
.dlta, dum transit, Augustus respondit: "Satis domi
talium salutatorum habeo." Superfuit corvo memoria,
ut et ilia, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire,
subtexeret, "Opera et impensa periit." Ad quod 5
Caesar nsit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam ante
emerat.

Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Cae-
sari honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum
frustra saepe fecisset et tamen rursus eum idem factu- 10
rum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta exara-
vit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam
misit. lUe inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce
quam vultu gestiique. Deinde cum accessisset ad sel-
1am, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem cm- 15
menam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi
daret, dixitque, se plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuis-
set. Secuto omnium risu dispensatorem Caesar vocavit
et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari Graeculo
iussit. 20

Augustus fere nuUi se invitanti negabat. Exceptus
igitur a quodam cena satis parca et paene cottidiana,
hoc tantum insusurravit, "Non putabam me tibi esse
tam familiarem." Cum aliquand5 apud Pollionem
quendam cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crys- 25

9. porrigere, to offer, i6. denarios, denarii; the denarius
II. charta, paper; exaravit, com- = about $.i6.

posed, 33. insusurravit, whispered to him,
15. crumenam, purse.

92 Urbis Romae Viri Illustres

tallinum, rapi eum ad mortem Pollio iussit et obici
muraenis, quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e
manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris c5nfugit nihil aliud
petiturus, quam ut aliter periret nee esca piscium fieret.
5 Motus est nov5 cnidelitatis genere Caesar et ilium qui-
dem mitti; crystallina autem omnia coram se frangi
iussit complerique piscinam.

Augustus in quadam vUla aegrotans noctes inquietas
agebat, rumpente somnum eius crebro noctuae cantii.

10 Qua molestia cum Kberari se vehementer cupere sig-
nificasset, miles quidam, aucupii peiitus, noctuam pre-
hendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe
ingentis praemii. Cui cum Augustus mille nuramos
dari iussisset^ ille minus dignum praemium ejdstimans

15 dicere ausus est, "Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit.
Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat nee ad
ulciscendum potestas; banc tamen iniiiriam aequo
animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum abire
passus est.

20 Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constan-
tissime retinuit. Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecena-
tem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud principem
valebat, gratia ita semper^ iisus est, ut prodesset omni-
bus, quibus posset, noceret nemini. lus aliquando di-

25 cebat Augustus et multos capite damnaturus videbatur.
Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium turbam

2. muraenis, a kind 0/ sea-fish, 11. aucupii, from avis and capio.

4. esca, food. 13. mille nummos, a thousand ses-

9. noctuae, owl, terces (about ^i).

Caesar Octavianus Augustus 93

perrampere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur.
Quod cum frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scrip-
sit, " Surge tandem, camifex ! " eamque tabellam ad
Ajigustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim surrexit neque
quisquam est morte multatus. 5

Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxi-
tate neque cultii conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quad-
raginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate mansit.
Supellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat.
Raro veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, so- 10
rore, filia neptibusque. Item tamen Romam, quam
pro maiestate imperii non satis omatam invenerat, adeo
excoluit, ut iiire gloriaretur, marmoream se relinquere,
quam latericiam accepisset.

Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis 15
gradus venustissima. Erat tamen omnis len5cinil neg-
legens et in capite comendo tam incuriosus, ut eo
ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut
legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.

Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in 20
Germania accepit cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce
Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus caesis. Hac nun-
tiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsis-
teret, et magnos ludos lovi optimo maximo vovit, si
res publica in meliorem statum vertisset. Adeo de- 25

3. camifex, executioner^ butcher, i6. lenocinii, adornment,

6. laxitate, spaciousness, i8. tonsoribus, barbers,

II. neptibus, grand-dau£rAters. 23. excuhieis indixit, ordered watck

14, latericiam, of brick, to be kept.

NOTES.

I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME.

The legends of the founding of Rome and of the reigns of the seven
kings, although believed in by the Romans themselves, and generally ac-
cepted in modern times until the publication of the first volume of Niebuhr's
History of Rome, in 1811, cannot be accepted as history. They are largely
cutiological, that is, many of the stories have been invented to explain
customs and institutions which were already in existence at the beginning
of the historical period; and many of them may be traced to Greek
sources. The dates were traditional with the Romans themselves, and
are not to be relied dn. According to Lewis (O» the Credibility of
Early Roman History), a trustworthy history of Rome does not begin until
the war with Pyrrhus. In this statement he undoubtedly goes too far ; but
the history of the period before the destruction of the city by the Gauls in
390 B.C., while it narrates some historical facts, cannot be accepted as
genuine in the form in which it has come down to us.

For an excellent discussion of the historical value of these legends, see
Ihne's Early Rome»

Page 1. 1. Proca : the twelfth of a line of mythical kings,
beginning with Ascanius, son of Aeneas, who was said to have
founded Alba Longa, the capital of the Albdnf, 2. Numi-
tori: B. 187, i; A. 225; H. 384, 11.* nftttL mSigr: <the

* B. =° Bennett's Latin Grammar; A. = Allen and Greenough's, Revised edition;
H. = Harkness's, the ' Standard ' edition. References like this, p. xo, 1. 8 (page xo,
line 8), are to the pages of this book. Translations of Latin words or phrases are in
single quotation marks.

abl. «"ablative"; abs. =" absolute": cf. (^r^ii/^r) =" compare"; sc. (scilicet)
= " supply," " understood " ; n. = " note " ; r. = *' remark " ; Vocab. = " Vocabu-
lary," at the end of the book; dir. disc. =" direct discourse"; ind. disc. =" indi-
rect discourse" {prdtid obliqua)', constr. = " construction "j_ 1. = "line"; p.=
" page " ; pp. = " pages " ; lit. = " literally " ; trans. = " translate " or " translatioa."

For other abbreviations, see the list preceding the Vocabulary.

97

98 • Notes [Page 1

elder'; for n&tfi, see B. 226, i ; A. 253; H. 424. 3. pulsd
fratre : * after driving out his brother,' or ^ drove out his brother
and.' B. 227 and 2 ; A. 255, with Note to 5 ; H. 431. Do not
trans, the abl. abs. literally. subole: B. 214, i, ^; A. 243;
H. 414. privaret: B. 282, i ; A. 317, i ; H. 497, 11.

4. Vestae sacerddtem: see note to p. 5, 1. 5. The institu-
tion of the vestal virgins was undoubtedly of high antiquity. On
Vesta^ see Vocab. sacerdotem: B. 177, i; A. 239, i, a\
H- 373. 5. tamen: force? 6. £a re cognitft: cf. note
on fratre^ 1. 3. ipaam: trans. *her,' or *the mother.' See

B. 249, I ; A. 19s, i\ H. 452.

7. alveo: B. 187, in, 2; A. 228^ H. 386. impositds
abiScit: *put in . . . and threw.' A verb and a participle
agreeing with the subject or object of the verb are often best
translated into English by two verbs. Independent statements
are far more numerous in English than in Latin narration.
forte : * as it happened.' Floods of the Tiber were common,
and there are frequent allusions to them in Roman writers. In
the time of Augustus special magistrates were appointed, called
curdtores Tiberis^ whose duty it was to take measures to restrain
the river within its proper bounds. 8. super rXp&s erat
effiisus : * had overflowed its banks ' ; lit. meaning?

9. Vflstae . . . adlitfidines : < a wilderness.' Note the sep-
aration of the adj. from its noun by limiting phrases, a common
order in Latin. 10. Lupa: a bronze statue representing
Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf is to be seen in the
Capitoline Museum at Rome. f&m&: B. 218; A. 248,^, i ;
H. 420. 11. orl: cf. note on alveo y 1. 7.

13. saepiuB : ^ quite often,' < again and again.' See B. 240, i ;
A. 93, ^?; H. 444, I. reverterStur : B. 288, i; A. 325;
H. 521, II, 2. cum . . . reverteretur gives a picture of the
circumstances under which the action of the main verb took
place ; if the indicative were used, the clause would date the

Page 2] Beginnings of Rome 99

action of the main verb. 14. pftstor rSgius : ' the shepherd
of the king,' or ' the king's shepherd.' B. 354, 4; A. 214, a, 2 ;
H. 395, N. 2. 15. educandds : * to be brought up.' B. 337,
7, 2), b\ A. 294, d\ H. 544, 2, N. 2.

16. deinde: force? ludicrfo certftminibus : ^frienc^
contests of strength and skill.' Note the exact meaning of the
Latin words. For the case see B. 218; A. 248, c, i\ H. 420.
17. venando : B. 338, 4, a\ A. 301 ; H. 542, iv. 18. Qua
re: B. 219; A. 245; H. 416. 19. insidiaii essent: cf.
note on reverieretur, 1. 13. 21. esaet: B. 300; A. 354;
H. 529, 1. edrum : i.e. Romult et Remt,

Page 2. 1. quae m&ter: %z, fuisset, Albaxn: B. 182,
I, ^; A. 258, b\ H. 380, II. 3. Remum latronSs: note the
order. Why does Remum stand first? 4. quasi: * alleging
that.' Note the exact force of the Latin word. 5. solitus
esset: B. 307; A. 312; H. 513, 11, n. i. a rBge: note that
the abl. of the agent requires the prep, a or ab. B. 216;

A. 246; H. 388, 2. 7. aetatem . . . indolem: i.e. his age
corresponded with the period of time which had elapsed since
the children were thrown into the Tiber, and his bearing was
too noble for a mere shepherd.

8. baud procul erat quin agndaceret: 'he was not far
from recognizing,' * he nearly recognized.' B. 284, 3, ^z; A. 319,
d\ H. 501, I, I. 9. llneamentis: B. 226; A. 253; H. 424.
matrl: B. 192, i ; A. 234, dy i\ H. 391 and 11, 4. similli-
mus : * very like.'

11. tenet: note the tense. B. 293, i ; A. 328, a\ H. 467, 4.
anzium: 'in suspense.' aupervenit: historical present;

B. 259, 3 ; A. 276, d\ H. 467, III. 16. daret : B. 300 ; A. 334 ;
H. 529, 1.

17. auapicia: 'auspices,' interpretation of the will of the
gods by observing the flight of birds; note the derivation of
the word. According to the story, Romulus stationed himself

lOO Notes [Page 3

on the Palatine hill, and Remus took his place on the Aventine,
where they watched the heavens for a sign from the gods. All
important acts at Rome were preceded by consultation of the
auspices. 19. victor: as Remus saw his vultures first, the
victory of Romulus was not undisputed. According to one ver-
sion of the legend, it was in the contest that arose over the
decision that Remus was killed. augorid : * by virtue of the
augury.' B. 219; A. 245; H. 416.

20. urbl : B. 187, in, 2 ; A. 228 ; H. 386, 2. Qu6» : ' these ' ;
see Vocab. Note the order of the sentence. 21. Irfttus : < in
anger.' 22. Sic deinde : sc. per eat, or perhaps eat ; cf. p. 8,
1. 2. 24. imperi5: B. 218, i ; A. 249; H. 421, i.

II. ROMULUS. THE FIRST KING OF THE ROMANS.

25. Romulus : a diminutive of Romus from Roma, the Roman
people represented as an individual. While the legends told of
Romulus are mythical, those which relate to the political institu-
tions attributed to him have a basis of historical truth, as such
institutions undoubtedly existed in the earliest times. 26. in
prozimo : see Vocab. aaylum : the Asylum lay between
the two summits of the Capitoline hill, where the Piazza del
Campidoglio now is. For the constr. see n. on sacerdOtem, p. i,

1. 4, above.

Page 3. 1. mira vis : ^ an extraordinary number.' Note
the literal meaning. latrdnum: B. 201, i ; A. 216; H. 397.

2. ipse: Romulus, the principal personage of the story; cf.
ipsam, p. 1, 1. 6. 3. 16gat6s : the position of an envoy to a
foreign nation was an exalted one among the Romans, combining
the dignity of a magistrate and the sacredness of a priest. For
another meaning of legatus, cf. note to p. 30, 1. 25. 4. qui
. . . peterent: <to ask for.' B. 282, 2; A. 317, 2; H. 497, i.
confLbium : * the right of intermarriage,' which did not exist
between two states, except by special agreement.

Page 3] Romulus lOi

5. additum : sc. est, 7. foret = esset ; for the mood, see
B. 304, I and 305, i ; A. 308 and 310; H. 510. 8. indici
. . . iubet : Ogives orders that invitations be issued' ; for indict,
see B. 331, 11; A. 331, a; H. 535, 11. 9. etiam: force?
videndae : B. 339, i ; A. 298 and d; H. 544, i.

10. Sabini : the Sabines, as near neighbors of the Romans,
came in especially large numbers, because, besides their interest
in the games, they wished to see the city which was growing up
so near them. 11. v6nit : B. 287, i ; A. 324 and N. ; H. 518
and N. I. eo: i.e. ad spectdculum, mentSs cum oculls:
'both their minds and thoughts.' 12. erant: B. 287, 4;

A. 324, ^z ; H. 518, N. I. Note the difference in the meaning of
the tenses of venit and erant; notice also that we naturally
translate -z//»// by an English pluperfect.

13. iuvenSs Rdm&ni discurrunt, virginSs rapiunt: note
the omission of the conjunction. See B. 346, a\ A. 346, c\
H. 636, I. 14. Haec: B. 246, 5; A. 195, d\ H. 445, 4.
ob virgines raptia : * on account of the rape of the maidens.'

B. 337, 5 ; A. 292, « ; H. 549, N. 2. 16. Rdmae : B. 187, 11 ;
A. 226; H. 384, I. nactlaunt: 'fell in with.' 17. forte
. . . ierat: 'happened to have gone.' aquam: for sacred
rites ; for such purposes water from a running stream was always
used. petltum : B. 340, i ; A. 302 ; H. 546. Huius pater :
' Her father.'

18. arci : B. 187, III, i ; A. 228 ; H. 386. 20. perdlixisset :
subjunctive in implied or informal ind. disc, representing the fut.
perf. indie, of the dir. disc. B. 323 ; A. 341, c, 21. gererent,
etc. : in dir. disc, date id quod in sinistrts manibus geritis ; cf.
note on perduxisset, 1. 20. The principle involved in the mood of
perduxisset and gererent is a very important one for an under-
standing of the use of the subjunctive in Latin. videlicet :
' you see,' * namely ' ; derivation?

24. et : i.e. as well as their rings and bracelets. habae-
rant : force of the tense? celeri poena : B. 220, i ; A. 248 ;

I02 Notes [Page 4

H. 419, III. This act of Tarpeia's was kept in mind by the
Tarpeian Rock, a name given to a precipice on the side of the
Capitoline hill, from which traitors were hurled. Cf. Byron,
Childe Harold^ iv, 112 :

" Where is the rock of Triumph, the high place
Where Rome embraced her heroes ? where the steep
Tarpeian — fittest goal of Treason's race,
The promontory whencb the Traitor's Leap
Cured all ambition?"

27. RSmftnum Forum: the yioxd forum is connected with
the adv. farts, ^out-of-doors,' and signifies *an open place.'
The Forum Romdnum was the principal, and at first the only
forum at Rome. See Vocab. 28. vir . . . Inslgnis: note
the order. See note to p. i, 1. 9. namine : B. 226; A. 253 ;
H. 424.

Page 4. 3. long6 aliud . . . aliud : < one thing . . . quite
another.' See B. 253, i and 2 ; A. 203 ; H. 459. Note that in
the Latin longe stands in the first member, while in English
*■ quite ' stands in the second. rapere : B. 327, i ; A. 270 and
I ; H. 538. 5. aedem: the temple of Jupiter Stator, whose
foundations on the Palatine hill have recently been excavated.
7. crinibus . . . paasls: B. 221. 8. hlnc . . . hinc: <on
one side ... on the other,' lit. '•from one side ' ; cf. <f dextrd
parte, * on the right,' J dextro cornu, * on the right wing,' etc.
concili&nint = concitidverunt.

9. foedere iot6: * after striking a treaty'; the ceremony
included the striking (sacrifice) of a victim. 11. Haud ita
multa post: *not so very long afterward'; for the case of
multo see B. 223; A. 250; H. 423. 12. quSrum oonsilio:
* in accordance with whose advice.' B. 220, 3 ; A. 253, and n. ;
H. 416.

13. ageret : B. 282, 2 ; A. 317, 2 ; H. 497, i. 8en&t5r68 :
the original purpose of the Senate was to give advice to the
Kings, and its decrees were at all times called cdnsulta^ i.e. mat-

Page 5] Nutna Pompilius 103

ters which seemed advisable. At an early period of the Repub-
lic, however, the Senate became the ruling power in the state,
and by its consult a controlled the whole Roman world.

14. equitum : the Knights were originally the cavalry of the
state, who received a horse and a sum of money for its annual
support. To serve as an eques one must have a fortune of
400,000 sesterces (about $16,000). At an early period the
Knights ceased to serve in the field, their places 'being taken
by Gauls, Numidians, etc.

16. in campo : i.e. the Campus Mdrtius. Caprae palfL-
dem : see Vocab. 19. cui rei : the dat. is governed by the
tx^x^ssionfidem fecit, which —fecit ut crederent, B. 187, 11, a ;
A. 227 and N. 2 ; H. 385, 11. 22. visum : sc. esse, B. 314, i ;
A. 336, 2; H. 523, I. augustidre formSl: B. 224; A. 251
and a ; H. 419, 11. 23. praecipere : note the tense. 25. ez-
aisterent: B. 297, 2; A. 332, 2; H. 501, i, i. Why is the
periphrasis /«/«r«w . . . existerent used ? colle QuirXn&lI:
the < seven hills of Rome ' were the Capitoline, Palatine, Aven-
tine, Coelian, Esquiline, Quirinal, and Viminal. The highest,
the Esquiline, is but 218 feet high. R6mul5: ^in honor of
Romulus.' What case ? constlttlta : sc. est. 26. ipse :
cf. ipsaniy p. i, 1. 6. On the connection of the clauses, see n.
to p. 3,1. 13. Quirinus; this name (see Vocab.) was that
of a Sabine god of war, corresponding in some respects with the
Roman Mars.

III. NUMA POMPILIUS, THE SECOND KING OF THE
ROMANS.

Page 5. 1. Numa Pompilius : the second king of Rome,
like the first, is a mythical personage, and typifies the rule of law
and order. The institutions ascribed to him existed in very early
times. His Sabine origin seems to indicate that the Romans
derived a great part of their religious system from the Sabines.
iflstitia et religiSne : B. 224; A. 251 ; H. 419, 11.

I04 Notes [Page 3

2. CuribuSy ez oppid5 : ' from Cures, a town of the Sabines/
B. 229,2; A. 258, tf, cf. 184,^; H. 412, II. 3. Qui cum:
^When he.' Note that the subject of a subordinate clause very
often precedes the conjunction which introduces the clause.
4. religione: B. 218; A. 248, c^ i; H. 420. Vestae: cf.
Romulo, p. 4, 1. 25. 5. alendum: see n. to p. i, 1. 15.
virginibuB : although the institution of the Vestal virgins is
ascribed to Numa, it will be remembered that Romulus was the
son of a Vestal. Livy explains the discrepancy by saying that
the institution had existed at Alba. It undoubtedly goes back
to very early times.

6. Fiaminem . . . oreftvit : ^ he appointed a priest (to be)
flamen of Jupiter.' The flamen was a priest devoted to a particu-
lar deity. For the constr., see p. i, 1. 4. Inslgnl veste : the
dress of the flamen consisted of the apex^ a conical cap to which
a spike of olive-wood was fastened ; the toga praetexta (see n.
top. II, 1. 16); and a laurel wreath. 7. curiili sellSL: the
^ curule chair,' or ' chair of state,' was very plain, resembling a
common folding camp-stool, but with curved legs. It was origi-
nally a symbol of kingly power. Under the Republic the right
of sitting on it belonged to the consuls, praetors, curule aediles,
censors, and fiamens; also to the dictator and the magister
equitum, quondam : see Vocab., and note the various mean-
ings of the word.

10. quibus aacrls fulmina esaent prdcuranda : the falling
of a thunderbolt was regarded by the Romans as a portent, and
the direful omen was averted by propitiatory offerings. Accord-
ing to the legend, Jupiter intended that human sacrifices should
be offered on such occasions, but Numa cleverly outwitted him
and substituted others. 12. daturum . . . esse : B. 331, i ;
A* 330,/. 14. futurum esaet : see n. to p. 2, 1. 16. 15. an-
cile : the shield was of a peculiar oval form. On its preserva-
tion depended the strength and prosperity of the state ; hence
the precautions which Numa took to prevent its being stolen.

Page 6] Numa Pompilius 105

18. Salios : the name (cf. saliOy ^ leap ') means ' the Leapers.'
In their festival at the beginning of March they carried the
sacred shields through the city, and at the same time sang a
hymn to Mars and danced.

19. KalendXs : B. 230, i ; A. 256 ; H. 429. 21. duodecim
mensSs : the year of Romulus had consisted of ten months.
By the arrangement ascribed to Numa, which continued until
Caesar's reform of the calendar in 46 B.C., March, May, July,
and October had 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29. This
year of 355 days was too short for the solar year, and the defi-
ciency was made up by inserting an intercalary month every other
year. This month, which varied in length at the discretion of
the Poniifices, was inserted after Feb. 23.

22. nef&stoB f&stosque dies : dies nefdsii were days on
which for various reasons legal judgment could not be pro-
nounced or assemblies of the people held. port&s I&no
gemino: Janus, the oldest of the Roman gods, was god of
beginnings and guardian of all entrances and passages. He was
represented with two faces turned in opposite directions. The
arch in the Forum sacred to Janus was not closed again after
Numa's time until the end of the First Punic War.

Page 6. 2. mSiorem institlitiB suls auctdritfttem : note
the order. See n. to p. i, 1. 9. 4. xnonitu : see n. to p. 4,
1. 12. ageret: B. 314, i; A. 336, 2; H. 524. quern
medium : ^ the middle of which.' B. 241, i ; A. 193 ; H. 440,
N. 2. 5. pereni^ rig&bat aqua : cf. n. on 1. 2. 6. deae :
^ with the goddess,' we should say. 7. ea : has what meaning
here ? See Vocab. 8. contineret : B. 284, i ; A. 319 and
i; H. 500, II. 9. quidem: 'it is true.' 10. civit&ti:
B. 187, II, <?; A. 227; H. 385, I. 11. Iftniculo: the Janicu-
lum was not included in the * seven hills of Rome ' (see n. to p. 4,
1. 25). It lay across the Tiber. 13. amioa: B. 181, i;
A. 256; H. 379.

I06 Notes [Page 7

IV. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, THE THIRD KING OF THE
ROMANS.

14. TulluB HoBtniuB : the third king, like his predecessors,
cannot be regarded as an historical personage. In many respects
he reminds us strongly of Romulus. Ihne {Early Rome, p. 74)
considers the story of Tullus as merely a changed form of that
of Romulus. r6x: B. 168; A. 239, i, N. 2; H. 373, 2.
15. r6gX : cf. mdtrf, p. 2, 1. 9. etiam : force ? 16. R5mul5 :
B. 217; A. 247 and a\ H. 417 and N. i. E5 r6gnante:
^ During his reign.^ 18. placoit : the subject is the following
clause. 22. undo : = qua ex parte. Cf. n. on Atn^, p. 4,
1. 8. esset: B. 297, 3; A. 332,/; H. 501, iii. 25. Infes-
tls armis : < in hostile array.^ For the case, see p. 4, 1. 7.
terni : why not tres ?

Page 7. 2. increpu6re : see n. on venit, P- 3^ !• 1 1* After
the Roman method of fighting, they first hurled their spears,
which rang against the shields of their opponents, and then
drew their swords for a hand-to-hand conflict. 4. alius super
alium : ^ one over the other.' Cf. n. on aliud . . . aliud, p. 4,
1. 8, above ; alter is more common when only two persons are
mentioned. 5. vulner&ti: sc. sunt. 6. gaudi5: B. 219;
A. 245 ; H. 416. 7. d6ser6bat : force of the tense ?
Unum Hor&tium : < the surviving Horatius.' 8. Forte : cf.
p. 3, 1. 17. 9. erat : B. 286, i ; A. 321 ; H. 516, i. 10. per
intervaila : ' at intervab.'

11. aliquantum spatil : ^ a considerable distance ' ; aliquan-
tum is ace. of extent of space, and spatii partitive gen. pflgnft-
tum est : < the battle took place.' 12. videt : B. 288, 2 ; A. 325,
b. 13. mftgnS impetti : cf. note to p. 3, 1. 24. 14. incla-
mat : cf. note on tenet, p. 2, 1. 1 1 . 15. occiderat : force of the
tense? Alterum: * the second.' 16. posset: B. 291, a\ A.
327 ; H. 520, II.

17. singuli : < one on each side.' 18. vlct5rift : cf. note on
gaudid, 1. 6. fer5z : < fiiU of confidence.' 21. eum iacentem :

Page 8] Tullus Hostilius lO/

* his fallen foe.' Note the literal meaning. 22. domam : B.
182, I, ^; A. 258, 2, ^; H. 380, II, 2, i). 23. Prlnceps: <At
the head.' Might primus have been used here? 24. cui: B.
192, 1 ; A. 228, d. 26. crinSa solvere : a common sign of grief
among ancient peoples. 27. iuveni: trans, as if gen. B. 188,
I and N. ; A. 235, a ; H. 384, 11, 4, n. 2.

Page 8. 1. fr&trum: B. 206, i, ^; A. 219; H. 406, 11, and
407, N. I. 2. Sic eat quaecumque RdmSLna: trans, as iisfc
eat omnis Rdmdna femina, quae, 4. Atroz : note the order.
5. in ius : < to court.' ifLdicSa : they were a commission of two
men {duumviri) appointed for the purpose. 6. accesserat
. . . inici6batque : force of the tenses? Ilctor: the lictors
were public officers who attended the chief Roman magistrates.
They served as a body-guard, preceded the magistrates in public,
to order the people to make way for them, and executed judicial
sentences. The kings had twelve lictors.

7. prSvoc^vit : in early Rome, it is said, those condemned
had the right of appeal to the people, who might reverse the
decision of a magistrate. 10. paal5 : cf. muliOy p. 4, 1. 11.
cdnapezissent : B. 323 ; A. 341, b. In dir. disc. : nolite me,
quem paulo ante cum egregia stirpe conspexistis, orbum liberfs
facere, 11. liberia : B. 214, i, d\ A. 243, d\ H. 414, i. N6n
tTilit : we should say ' could not bear.' 13. tamen : force?

16. quod: 'and this.' tigillum Bor5rium: 'the sister's
beam ' was renewed as often as it decayed, and kept its place for
many centuries.

The victory of the Horatii was commemorated by the plla
Horatia in the Forum, a pillar which bore the spoils taken from
the Curiatii. See Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome, Virginiay

177:

" And sprang upon that column,

By many a minstrel sung,
Whereon three mouldering helmets,
Three rusting swords are hung."

I08 Notes [Page 9

17. pftx Albftna: <the peace with Alba.' See B. 353, 5.
19. flnlsset : see note to p. 7, 1. 9. rem corrigeret : < that he
might set the matter right.' 23. TuUub : note the position ;
qua re Tullus intellecta = quam rem cum TuUus intellixisset.
Bud : emphatic position. For the case see B. 219, 2. 24. fa-
cere: note the tense. 25. Mettius: subject of what verb?
Note the order. 27. relig&tus : sc. est.

Page 9. 1. rulnis : B. 218 ; A. 248, t, i ; H. 420. 2. qu6
. . . habit&retur: B. 282, i, a\ A. 317, b\ H. 497, n, 2.
3. earn sedem^ . . . c6pit: 'chose it as the site.' On the gen-
der oieam see B. 246, 5 ; A. 195, ^; H. 445, 4. 7. mllitiae
quam domi: 'in war than in peace.' B. 232, 2; A. 258, c^ 2,d;
H. 426, 2. 9. spIritAB illifer5c6s: 'that high spirit of his.'
Note the order of the Latin sentence. 11. fulmine ictuin :
according to the story, he attempted to draw Jupiter down from
heaven as Numa had done (see p. 5, 1. 8), but incurred the
anger of the god by improperly performing the rite. 12. glo-
rift : see note to p. 4, 1. 7.

V. ANGUS MARCIUS. THE FOURTH KING OF THE ROMANS.

14. Ancum Marclum : as Tullus Hostilius greatly resembles
Romulus, so Ancus appears to be a shadow of Numa. See Ihne,
Earfy Rome^ p. 74. 15. aequit&te : cf. Itneamentls, p. 2, 1. 9.
16. av5 : cf. mdtrf, p. 2, 1. 9. 19. indiceret : cf. note on
posset, ^. J, \. 16, qui rfis repeteret: 'to demand satisfac-
tion.' The demand was made in a metrical formula or carmen,
which Livy has preserved for us. 20. poster!: i.e. the
Romans of later generations. The custom was maintained
until the extent of the Roman territory became too great.
21. v6nit : cf. note to p. 3, 1. 11. 22. capite v61&t5 : because
he was addressing Jupiter. When engaged in prayer the Roman
veiled his head with a fold of his gown. luppiter : note the

Page 10] . Ancus Marcms 109

position of the voc. See B. 350, 3. 23. huius populi: Livy
tells us that he named the people, t.g, fines popult Albdni.

24. verbis : see note on cm rely p. 4, 1. 19. 25. dSdun-
tur : a general condition. B. 302, 3 ; A. 306, cf. 309 ; H. 508.

Page 10. 1. 6mittit : the spear, Livy tells us, had a wooden
point hardened by fire, and was stained with blood. After the
Roman territory became too great, and her enemies too distant,
for an actual hurling of a spear into their territories, a captive
was compelled to buy a small piece of land near the temple of
Bellona, and into this the spear was hurled. Octavianus declared
war against Cleopatra in this way.

4. 8aperb6 respSnsum est: 'a haughty answer was returned.'
5. h6o modo : * in the manner described ' ; hoc here refers to
what precedes, and not, as usual, to what follows. 9. carce-
rem : later called the Mamertine Prison ; it is situated on the
slope of the Capitoline hill, overlooking the Forum. It consists
of two parts, a lower chamber called the Tullianunty of great
antiquity, and a larger room above. 10. audSLciae : B. 200 ;
A. 217; H. 396, III. urbi; B. 187, in, 2; A. 228 and
225, d\ H. 386, 2.

11. Iftniculum : see n. to p. 6, 1. 11. ponte subllciS : the
oldest and most frequently mentioned of the Roman bridges. It
connected the Janiculum with the city. It was of great religious
importance, and after a new bridge of stone was built beside it,
the old bridge was kept in repair. It is known to have been in
existence in the time of Constantine. 12. urbl: B. 187, iii, i ;
A. 248, d!, R. ; H. 385, II, 4, 3). Ostiam : as Rome increased,
Rome's seaport also grew, and during the Second Punic War
Ostia was a naval and commercial port of the greatest importance.
Ancus is said to have established salt-works there, and salt-
making is to-day the jjrincipal employment of its inhabitants.

no Notes . [Page 11

VI. LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, THE FIFTH KING OF
THE ROMANS.

15. LtLciuB TarquinluB : the story of the Tarquins is as full of
contradictions and as untrustworthy as that of the former kings.
It seems certain, however, that they were of Etruscan origin;
it is probable that they represent a conquest of Rome and a
dynasty of Etruscan kings. TarquiniXs, ez . . . urbe : cf.
note on Curibus, p. 5, 1. 2.

17. advenienti : sc. ef. For the case see B. 188, i ; A. 229;
H. 386, 2. 18. pilleum: a felt cap worn on journeys.
carpentum : a two-wheeled covered carriage, usually drawn by
a pair of mules, but often by horses or oxen. 19. apt6:
* neatly.' 20. sublimia abiit : ^ flew high up ' into the air.

21. caelestium pr5digi5rum: i.e. omens from the move-
ments and flight of birds, from lightning, meteors, and other
phenomena of the heavens. For the case see B. 204, i ; A. 218,
a\ H. 399, 1, 2. 22. virum: <her husband.' ezcelsa et
alta : used substantively.

Page 11. 2. liberfs : dat. governed by the phrase tutor
reltciusy which nearly = praefectus. rellctus : < appointed ' by
will. 3. adeptuB esaet: sc. id. For the mood cf. solitus
esset^ p. 2, 1. 5. 4. Circum Mfizimum : between the Palatine
and Aventine hills. It was used for chariot races and gymnastic
contests. It was of great extent, in later times accommodating
over 100,000 spectators.

5. d6 SablniB : see Vocab. under trtumpho. The triumph
was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered
the city in a four-horse chariot, preceded by the captives and
spoils taken in war, and followed by his troops. For a vivid
description of a triumph, see Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome,
Prophecy of Capys, 224-268. muram lapideum: according
to Livy, he was on the point of building the wall, when he was
"interrupted by a war with the Sabines, and his successor Servius

Page 11] Tarquinius Priscus 1 1 1

carried out the plan. Portions of the * Servian Wall ' are still in
existence.

8. e& tempestftte : < for those times ^ ; for the case see note
to p. 4, 1. 7. augur : see note to page 2, 1. 17, above. 9. ad-
dXidsaent: (d, perduxissety p. 3, I. 20. 10. in ezperlmen-
turn: Uo try.' 11. concSpiBset: subj. in informal ind.
disc. ; dir. disc, fiertne potest^ quod mente concept f Posset is
an ind. question. 12. Atqui: *0h, but.' 13. num: cf.
-ne in 1. 10. What difference of meaning ? illam : with a
gesture. 14. ergS : * well then.' secuisse : sc. earn. This
act was commemorated by a veiled statue of Attus in the
Comitium ; the stone also was preserved as a sacred relic.

15. ann5rum: B. 203, 2; A. 215, b\ H. 396, v. per-
cussisaet : d, ffntsset, p. 8, 1. 19. 16. praetezt& bull&que :
B. 187, 1, tf ; A. 225, ^; H. 384, 11, 2. The praetexta^ sc. toga,
was a white cloak with a broad purple border, worn by children
of both sexes, and by magistrates of senatorial rank. Young
men exchanged it for the white toga virtlis at the age of about
seventeen. The bulla was an amulet, usually of gold, and was
worn suspended from the neck. It was laid aside with the toga
praetextay and consecrated to the Lares.

18. patern5 : < their father's.' 19. ez pftstSribus : used
instead of the part. gen. ; the usual construction with numerals.
See B. 201, I, £x; A. 216, c, 22. clamor: subject of what
verb? Note the order. 23. v5ciferSlri . . . et certSltim
. . . obstrepere : * to shout at the top of their voices and try
to drown each other's words.' Observe carefully the exact
force of the Latin words. On alter altert see note to p. 7,
1. 4. 25. ez compositd: 'according to a prearranged
plan.' 26. 61§tam secliriin . . . d6i6cit: trans, as ilextulit
secilritn et deiecit. See note on impositos abiecit, p. i, 1. 7.
27. relicts t615: < leaving the weapon.' Note again that the
abl. abs. is not to be translated literally. The English render-
ing varies according to the context.

112 Notes .[Page 12

VII. SERVIUS TULLIUS, THE SIXTH KING OF THE
ROMANS.

Page 12. 1. Servius Tullius : according to the universal
tradition Servius was of Latin origin. The story of his career is
full of marvels, and cannot be regarded as history. The tradition
may point to a successful attempt of the Latins to throw off the
yoke of the Etruscans, who, however, afterwards reconquered
them. The constitution ascribed to Servius goes back to very
early times ; it endured with some modifications until the fall of
the Republic.

2. ez nobili f6iiiin&: B. 215, i ; A. 244; H. 413 and N. 2.
captivsL taxnen : * who was, however, a captive.' Qui cum :
< When he.' in domd : note the prep, with domus meaning
* house.' Cf. domf,^. 9, 1. 7, and domuniy p. 7, 1. 22. 3. visu
Sventtiqae: B. 340, 2; A. 303; H. 547. 5. dormientiB:
' while asleep.' 7. hand secus ac buob liberoa : = quasi
suus ftlius esset. See B. 375, i ; A. 209, c,\ H. 637, viii.
gducaret: B. 295, i ; A. 331 ; H. 499, 3.

8. adol6vit : cf. venity p. 3, 1. 1 1 . 9. qu5dain : < a ' ; quldam
often has the force of the English indefinite article. 10. B6g-
niuB : for the meaning see note to page i, L 13. raptum . . .
miBit: see note on impositos abiecit, p. i, 1. 7. To lose the
standard was considered a great disgrace. 11. Cuiua recipi-
end! gr&ti&: Mn order to get this back.' 12. ref errent :
note the double meaning of the word ; * carried off the standard
and the victory.' 16. quidem : for the meaning cf. p. 6, 1. 9.

17. conval6sceret : informal ind. disc. In the direct form :
interim dum convalescam^ Servid Tullio dicto audientes estate,
18. ServiS Tullio : dat. governed by the phrase dicto audi-
entgs. B. 187; A. 227, n. 2; H. 385, i. Sic . . . aed: i.e.
although he usurped the throne, his reign was just and good.
20. Quirinaiem: see note to p. 4, 1. 25. 21. mflrum: see
note to p. II, 1. 5.

Page 13] Servius Tullius II3

22. .c6naum : a division of the whole body of Roman citizens,
for military and political purposes, into six classes, according to
the amount of their property. They were divided into 193 centu-
ries, each of which cast one vote, the classes voting in order,
beginning with the first. As the first class contained 80 centu-
ries, this with the 18 centuries of knights, which voted before
the first class, cast a majority of the votes. Thus the political
power was in the hands of the rich.

25. lam turn : < Even In those early days.* Di&nae Ephe-
siae fanum : the temple of Diana at Ephesus was one of the
'seven wonders of the world.' See Acts xix, 24, fol. Observe
that Ephesiae is an adj. See note to p. 8, 1. 17. 26. factum
ftma ferebat : note the alliteration.

Page 13. 1. populls : note the number and its meaning.
et ipai: 'they too,' as the peoples of Asia Minor had done.

3. mirae magnitudinia : B. 203, i ; A. 215 and n. ; H. 395, v.

4. nSLta: sc. esse, B. 332, c\ A. 330,^7, i,and b, \\ H. 534, i.
datum : sc. esse. 6. immol&aset : represents what mood and
tense in the dir. disc. ? Cf. n. to p. 3, 1. 20. 9. ad Tiberim
dSacendit : the Tiber flows close to the northeastern slope of
the Aventine. See the map of Rome. For the tense oi descen-
ds cf. tenet, p. 2, I. 11. 12. Serviua Tulliua : subject of
what verb ? alteram f erocem, mitem alteram : ' chiastic '
order. B. 350, 11,^; A. 344, /, and N. ; H. 562. 13. ferdcem
mitl, mitem fer5ci : ferdcem filiam mitt invent, mttem ftliam
feroct iuvent. Note also the order. 20. dSiectua : sc. est.

21. carpento : abl. of means : trans. * in a carriage.' vecta :
'riding.' 22. prima . . . aaltitavit: ' was the first to greet.'
23. dSceaaiaaet . . . rediret : force of the tenses ? 24. eum,
qui equoa agSbat : ' the driver.' The periphrasis is necessary
on account of the special use of nouns of agency in -tor. See
^- 353» 4- 25. auper ipaum oorpua : ' right over the body.'
B. 249, I ; A. 19s, /, R.

1 14 Notes [Page 14

VIII. TARQUIN THE PROUD. THE SEVENTH AND LAST
KING OF THE ROMANS.

Page 14. 1. TarqainiUB Superbus ; cf. note on Tarquinius
Prtscusy p. 10, 1. 15. Tamen : * In spite of that,' i.e. although
he had usurped the throne. 3. frande Sezti fill : an instance
of Greek coloring. The same story is told by Herodotus of
Zopyrus and Darius. Is : note the order. See note to p. 5,
1. 3. 9. 6 Buls fUium: see note to p. 11, 1. 19. sclBCi-
tatum: d. pet f turn, ^.-^yl, 17. 10. nihil reapondit : B. 176,
2,b\ A. 238,^; H. 371? "•

11. deilberftbunduB : 'pondering,' 'in a brown study'; the
adjectives in -bundus have nearly the same force as the present
participle. 13. capita: 'tops.' This part of the story is
also Greek ; Herodotus tells us of a message sent in this way by
Thrasybulus of Miletus to Periander of Corinth. 15. quid
vellet pater: 'what his father meant.' 18. esBent: what
is the subject? 8or5re : B. 215 ; A. 244; H. 415. 19. forte
cfinsLbat: for the translation cf. p. 3, 1. 17. apud: 'at the
house of.' iuvenibuB rSgiia: 'the princes.' 20. Buam:
sc. uxor em, 21. placuit ezperiri: sc. els; ' they resolved to
test the matter.' cit&tiB equia : ' at full gallop.' 22^ regifta
nurus : i.e. the wives of the sons of Tarquin. convivi5 et
Iflzu : ' in the indulgence of the table ' ; hendiadys, see B. 374,
4; A. 385; H. 636, III, 2. They had prolonged their dinner
beyond the usual hour. 24. ISLnae dSditam : ' busily engaged
in spinning ' ; note the literal meaning. Spinning and weaving
were the occupation of a thrifty housewife. See Macaulay, Lays
of Ancient Rome^ Horaiius, 582 :

" When the goodman mends his armor,
And trims his helmet's plume ;
When the goodwife's shuttle merrily
Goes flashing through the loom."

Page 15. 3. abditum habfibat: how does this phrase
differ in meaning from abdideratf 4. in ezitiam rfigum

Page 15] Horatius Codes 115

coniurant : < make a conspiracy to kill the king and his family ^ ;
note the plural regum. Tarquinid . . . redeunti : < Against
Tarquin on his return'; cf. note on advenienitj p. 10, 1. 17.

6. indictum: sc. est. cdnsuies: except that there were
two consuls, and that they were elected only for one year, their
power was at first nearly equal to that of the kings who preceded
them. As time went on the establishment of other offices, such
as the censorship and the praetorship, took from the consuls
some of their functions. Throughout the period of the Repub-
lic, however, the consulship was regarded as the highest office
to which a citizen could attain. 7. Tarquinius Collatlnaa :
after a short time, the tradition says, CoUatinus, merely because
he bore the hated name of Tarquin, was persuaded to abdicate,
and Publius Valerius was chosen in his place.

IX. HORATIUS COCLES.

HoratinB Cocl6a : note that his surname, like many of the
Roman cdgndmina, was derived from a personal peculiarity. The
story of Horatius was one of the most celebrated legends of the
early history of Rome, and has been made one of the most
^miliar to modern readers by Macaulay's Lay of Horatius.
There are two versions of the story. According to Livy, whom
Macaulay follows, Horatius had two companions ; according to
Polybius, he defended the bridge alone, but perished in the river.
Our version is a combination of the two. ,

9. mfSsto ezercitu : cf. fnfestis armiSj p. 6, 1. 25. 10. n5n
umquam alifts ante: < never before.^ 12. dSmigrant: sc.
Roman f. 14. Tiber! obiectd : ^ by the interposition of the
Tiber.' B. 337, 5; A. 292, a-^ H. 549, n. 2. P6ns subli*
cius : see note to p. 10, 1. 11, above. Pliny tells us that on
account of the delay in breaking it down on this occasion, it
was rebuilt without nails, in such a way that each beam could be

1 16 Notes [Page 16

removed and replaced at pleasure. 15. fuisset: B. 304, i;
A. 308; H. 510. The conclusion is expressed by paene dedity
which is nearly equivalent to dedisset. Sometimes with greater
vividness the unqualified indicative is used. See B. 304, 3;

A. 308, ^; H. 511, N. 4. 17. eztr6m& parte : 'the end/

18. intermmperetiir : the subj. denotes that it was the design
of Horatius. B. 293, iii, 2 ; A. 328, i ; H. 513, 2. 20. armft-
tuB : ^ accoutred as he was.^ multlB Buperincldentibus teUs :
< though many weapons fell around him.' B. 227, 2, ^; A. 255,
^,3; H. 43 1; I and 2. 22. tantum agri: <so much land.'

B. 201, 2; A. 216, 3; H. 397, 3. ptlblic6: *in the name of
the state.' 23. oircumar&vit : we should say < could plough
around'; cf. non iulit, p. 8, 1. 11. 24. ei: trans, as if eius;
of. note on iuveni^ p. 7, 1. 27.

X. GAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS.

Page 16. 2. CorioliLnus : the story of Coriolanus, which is
one of the prettiest of the early Roman legends, is the subject of
Shakespeare's Coriolanus. It is purely mythical. In addition
to the many impossibilities of the story, Livy tells us that Scipio
Africanus in 201 B.C. was the first Roman to receive a surname
from his conquests. See Ihne, Early Rome, ^. 151. patre:
cf. liberis^ p. 8, 1. 11. puer: ^when a boy.' 3. prima stl-
pendia facere : * to serve his first campaign.' What is the
literal meaning of stipendia f 5. cor5n& : crowns of metal,
leaves, or ifowers, were given for various deeds of arms. The
most prized was the * civic crown' {corona civilis) of oak leaves,
given for saving the life of a Roman citizen. Otber praemia
mllitaria were headless spears, bracelets, and necklaces. 7. ut
. . . placgret: B. 295, 4; A. 331 ; H. 499, 3.

8. turn dSmum : ^ then and not till then.' 13. potuiaset :

informal ind. disc. The consul said : cape quantum m^tinere

Page 17] Coriolanus 117

potueris. • 14. tLnius hospitiB captivi : < one captive who was
bound to him by ties of hospitality.' Such ties among the
Romans were stronger even than those of blood. They were
formed by mutual consent and hallowed by religion, and were
hereditary. The Roman was bound to protect his hospes under
all circumstances. 15. qu5 . . . Cltergtur : seen.top. 3,1. 4.

16. gravi annonSl : ^ a poor harvest,' * a failure of the crops.'
At that time the Romans did not import grain except under
such circumstances. For the case cf. p. 4, 1. 7. friimentum
. . . cilr&vit : * he had the grain distributed at a high price,' i.e.
he refused to distribute it except at a high price. For the case
of mdgno pretio see B. 225, i ; A. 252 ; H. 422 ; for dandum, cf.
educandosy^, i, 1. 15. 18. coleret: 'that the people might
cultivate their fields, and not insurrections ' ; a play on the double
meaning of colerent. 20. aeBt±tii&tur : a general truth. B.
259, I ; A. 276; H. 467, II. qu6 . . . Ibi: note the difference
of meaning of these two words. They are commonly confounded
by beginners. quaesitum: cf. n. to p. 3, 1. 17. 22. qu&r-
tum lapidem : although milestones were set along the Roman
roads in all directions from the city, inscribed with information
for the traveller, they appear to have been introduced at a later
time than that to which these events are assigned (490 B.C.) .
24. missi . . . 5rftt5rSB: note the order. 27. StupSbat
. . . lament&bantur : note the arrangement. See B. 350, 11,
b and c ; A. 344, /.

Page 17. 4. poBsent : subjunctive because it represents the
thought of Venturia and Volumnia. In dir. disc. : quoniam
armts virt defendere urbem non possunt,^ nos mulieres defendd-
mus, 7. patria: he addresses himself not to his mother
directly, but to his country. precibus hfiiuB adm5tis: 'by
employing her prayers,^ with a gesture toward his mother.
cul: * and for her sake.' 8. inde: meaning? 10. occIsub
eaae fertur: B. 332,^; A. 330, ^; H. 534, i. 11. eundem:
* he ' ; strictly ' the aforesaid.'

Il8 Notes [Page 18

XI. PUBLIUS VALERIUS LAEVINUS AND PYRRHUS. KING
OF EPIRUS.

PyrrhuB : the Greek word from which the name Pyrrhus is
derived means ^ red/ ^ flame-colored,' hence Macaulay calls him
* the red king.' With the story of Pyrrhus we reach the domain
of historical truth. He was one of the greatest generals of an-
tiquity, and one of the best kings. He was regarded by the
Romans of later times with kindly feelings. Cicero refers to the
war with Pyrrhus as ' a struggle for dominion with a noble and
powerful king,' and relates many anecdotes of his chivalrous
conduct.

12. f6cisBent: subj. because it represents the reason of the
Romans of that time. 13. Fyrrhum . . . auxilium: B.
178, I, £x; A. 239, 2, ^; H. 374. ez genere Achiilis: thus
many other Greeks pretended to trace their ancestry back to the
heroes of the Trojan War. According to tradition Pyrrhus, son
of Achilles, settled in Epirus after the fall pi Troy. 16. pri-
mum: 'for the first time.' What different meanings would
primo and pritnt have here ?

18. qui cum: 'and when he.' iussit: 'gave orders.'
19. OBtendi . . . dimittl : i.e. omnem exercitum ostendi els et
turn COS dimittl, 20. quaecumque : = omnia quae, ageren-
tar : see grammatical references to p. 3, 1. 20. 21. pedem
referret : ' was giving way,' ' was beginning to retreat.' 22. ele-
phantds : the elephants, which were new to the Romans, terri-
fied horses and men alike, and turned the tide of battle in favor
of Pyrrhus.

Page 18. 2. equites: 'riders.' 3. dedit: we should say
'put,' or *made.' 5. occIsSs: sc. Rdmands. For the omis-
sion of the conjunction, cf. n. to p. 3, 1. 13. QuSb cum : how
is quos to be translated? Cf. qui cum, p. 17, 1. 18. adveraS
vulnere et true! vultfL : see n. to p. 4, 1. 7. 7. h&c v5oe :
'this exclamation,' 'these words.' 8. potuisse: representing

Page 19] Laevimis and PyiT/ms 119

the perf. ind. of the dir. disc, see B. 304, 3, a; A. 308, c\ H.
511, I, N. 3. 9. mihi: B. 188, i ; A. 235, d. 10. SLxnittam:
B. 284, 2; A. 319, 2; H. 500, I. SI . . . vIcerS: < If I con-
quer/ In English we use the present, while in Latin the more
logical future perfect is used. 11. ad urbem : ' towards the city.'
12. magnis itineribus: ^by forced marches'; for the case see
n. to p. 3, 1. 24. ferrd Ignlque : 'with fire and sword.' In our
phrase the order of the words is reversed. 13. lapidem : see
n. to p. 16, 1. 22.

14. PyrrhS obviam : * to meet Pyrrhus.' For the case see
n. to p. 7, 1. 24. 15. sibi: B. 190; A. 231; H.387. 16. hy-
dram : a dragon which ravaged the country about Lernae near
Argos. Its destruction, which was accomplished by fire, was
one of the * twelve labors' of Hercules. 17. renftscebantur
. . . praecisa erant: B. 314, 3; A. 336, b ; H. 524, 2.
20. cognitft: < who already knew.' 22. solet . . . esse: 'is
usually'; cf. n. on aestimdiur, p. 16, 1. 20.

24. B6r5 : * too late.' See n. on segnius, p. 12, 1. 10. b6 pr5
soci5 dominum accSplase : the Tarentines expected Pyrrhus
to fight their battles for them, but he forced them much against
their will to exchange their life of pleasure and luxury for hard
service on land and sea. 24. incaluerant : B. 287, 2 ; A. 324,
fl; H. 518, 2). 26. neque deerant qui: *and there were
plenty to.' B. 375, i ; A. 209, ^; H. 637, viii.

27. arcesBltlque : sc. sunt, nonnaill : i.e. of the citizens.
28. locutl essent : the reason of their accusers ; * because, as
was alleged.' Observe that the charge was true. 29. simplez :
* frank.'

Page 19. 1. num: note the force of the word. per-
v6niBBet: informal ind. disc. Give the direct form. 2. Et
haeo dizimus : give this reply in the form of ind. disc. 3. nisi
vinum dSfecisBet : < if the wine had held out.' Note the literal
trans. dictOrl fuimns : nearly = dixislemus, 6. gloriS-

I20 Notes [Page 20

sum modifies what ? 11. vl et armSi : < by force of arms ^ ;
hendiadys. Cf. n. to p. 14, 1. 22.

12. tamen: ^and yet,' looking back to valibat, Cineas did
not owe his influence over the king to flattery. 20. mihi:
B. 190; A. 231; H. 387. Quid delnde: sc. dcturus es.
23. istS 6ti5: *that peace you talk of; for the case, see
B. 218, I ; A. 249; H. 421, 1. iam nunc : an emphatic nunc,
^ right off now.' fruSris: B. 295, 3; A. 319, c\ H. 497, 11.
29. condici5num : i.e. of peace.

Page 20. 3. 51im : derivation and meanings ? lectloS :
litters for sick persons and invalids seem to have been in use at
Rome from the earliest times. They were covered and enclosed
with curtains, or with sides in which there were windows, and
resembled a sedan-chair. In later times they were used by peo-
ple in health, especially in travelling. dSf erri : force of di f
5. respSnsum est: give the reply of the senate to P5rrrhus,
and the order of the Romans with reference to the captives
(1. 7, below) in the form of dir. disc. 7. reddiderat : see
n. to p. 18, 1. 17. 8. potuiBsent : note the mood. 9. biniim :
why not duorum f 12. qu£lem Romam comperisset : * what
his impression of Rome had been.' 13. v6r6 : force ?

XII. GAIUS FABRICIUS.

15. C. FabriciuB : one of the most popular of the heroes of
early Rome. He is often alluded to by Cicero, in company with
M'. Curius, as a type of the old Roman virtues of bravery, hon-
esty, and frugality. Cuius: 'his.' audivit: note the mood
and tense. 16. ut: sc. nomen, 'as that of.' 19. quae
omnia: * all of which.' 21. conloquente : trans, the abl.
abs. by a clause beginning with ' while.'

Page 21. 1. Bubrfdens: force of sub-f 4. vellet:
' consent.' 7. sth v6r5 malum : sc. virum mi iudicds*

Page 22] Gains Fabricius 121

11. medicns . . . pollicituB est: give this promise in dir.
disc. The physicians among the Greeks and Romans of this
time were slaves. 12. ven6n5 nec&turum : * would poison.^

15. Hie eat Fabricius : ^That is Fabricius all over,' or Uhat is
the kind of man Fabricius is.' What is the literal meaning ?

16. honestSLte: 'honor,' * honorable conduct.' Be cautious
about translating Latin words by the corresponding English deriv-
atives ; sometimes it is the best translation, but more often it is
not. 19. qnendam : Epicurus ^ a famous Greek philosopher
who lived from 342 to 270 B.C. For an exposition of his philoso-
phy, see the * Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.' Although
Epicurus taught that pleasure was the highest good, his own
life was blameless, and it was only a perversion and misunder-
standing of his philosophy which made it justify material and
sensual pleasures. Give the statement of Cineas in dir. disc.
20. sapientem: < a philosopher.' 21. ad volupt&tem re-
ferenda: i.e. must have pleasure as their aim and object.
22. perauSLdeSLtur : 'that our enemies may be persuaded of
this.' Note the literal meaning. For the mood, see B. 279, i ;
A. 267; H. 484, I. 24. dederint: fut. perf. ; force of the
tense? ab . . . aliSnum: 'foreign to.'

25. Bupellex argentea: 'plate.' salino: on account of
the religious purposes for which salt was used, the salt-cellar
was a sacred heirloom in the family. It was often of silver in
the poorest and humblest homes. For the case, see B. 218, 4;
A. 244, c\ H. 415, III. 26. patellSL ad uanm sacrorum:
i.e. a shallow bowl, or saucer, for pouring out libations to the
gods. 28. vSnSrunt . . . obtulSrunt: see n. p. 7, 1. 12.

Page 22. 2. hftc: B. 214, I, c\ A. 243, a\ H. 414, i.
3. BimultStem gerSbat : ' was on terms of enmity.' 5. hic :
' Rufinus.' On account of the greater number and definiteness
of the Latin pronouns, a pronoun in Latin is often best trans-
lated into English by a noun. 8. auctor fuit: 'used 'his
influence.' deinde: thereupon.' 10. fficiaaet: force of

122 Notes [Page 23

the mood ? Give the reply of Fabricius in dir. disc. com-
pHari quam v6nlre : ^ to be robbed rather than sold,' i.e. he
preferred to be robbed by Rufinus rather than to have his goods
and perhaps himself sold at auction by a victorious enemy.

11. Eundem: *this same Rufinus.' cSnaor: 'when cen-
sor'; cf. puer^ p. 1 6, 1. 2. The censors, among other duties,
chose the members of the senate from those who were eligible
to that dignity, and removed them for cause. 12. argenti
fact! : ' silver plate ' ; sumptuary laws, which were intended to
put a check on extravagance and luxury, were frequently passed
and enforced. decern pond5 : ' ten pounds ' ; pondo is inde-
clinable.

14. d6ce88it: i.e. ivitddicessit, unde . . . ezpedlr6tur:
' the means of furnishing.' A relative clause of purpose. dos
fn&rum : among the Romans, as in most countries of modern
Europe, a wife was expected to bring a dowry to her husband.
16. conlocSLvit: * established ' in marriage.

18. dicidnia: B. 203, 2, /z; A. 214, c\ H. 403. 20. earn
diem: note the gender. 21. terra : B. 218,9; A. 258,^;
H. 425, 2, 1, i). 22. foedisBimft tempeBt&te : < by a fright-
ful hurricane.' 24. Qu& tantft cl&de : < by this great disaster,'
'by so great a disaster as this.' Do not translate the phrase
literally. 25. Sdoctua : force ? See Vocab. deoa esse :
* that there were gods.' 27. tamen : force ? prdsperl
quidquam: 'any good fortune.' B. 201, 2, a\ A. 216, 3;
H. 397, 3. 28. ItallSL: B. 214,2; A. 258, /z, N. 2 ; H.412, 2.
ignobill morte : see p. 24, 1. 9 fol.

XIII. MANIUS CURIUS.

Page 23. 1. M&nius Cnrius : see note on Fabricius^ p. 20,
1. 15. Besides his military achievements Curius was celebrated
for the many public works which he superintended. 2. per-

Page 24] Manius Curius 1 23

multum agri hominumque mSbdmam vim : note the order.
3. inde: ^from this/ 4. interversae pecuniae: ^embez-
zlement,' * misappropriating funds.' For the case see B. 208, i ;
A. 220; H. 409, II. 5. catill5 ligneo : cf. the simplicity of
Fabricius's establishment, p. 21, 1. 25. 6. praedft hostili:
see note to p. 8, 1. 17.

7. Curio . . . repudiftti ab eo sunt : observe the order of
this sentence. 10. non enim : give the remark of Curius in
dir. disc. 13. septfina : why not septem ?, Cf. quinqudgintd
in 1. 14.

20. nomina non darent : * did not volunteer ' ; lit. ^ did not
give in their names ' for enrolment. 21. primum nomen . . .
citari: i.e. he ordered the man whose name was first drawn
to be called upon to serve. 23. hastae subiScit : ^ sold at
public auction,' the spear was originally a sign of booty taken in
war, which was sold by the commanding general.

24. tribunoB plSbia appell&sset : < had appealed to the
tribunes of the people,' who had the right of vetoing the act of
the consul. ipsum : * the man himself,' contrasted with
bona, vendidit : < sold into slavery.' 25. nihil opus ease
rel ptibllcae: <that the state had no need.' B. 190; A. 231,
H. 387. Give: B. 218, 2; A. 243, e\ H. 414, iv. neacl-
ret: B. 283, i ; A. 320; H. 503, i. 26. auzilio: 'able to
help.' B. 191, 2 ; A. 233, a ; H. 390, 11, N. 2. 27. rfis . . .
abiit : ' it became the regular custom.'

Page 24. 1. d6trect&ret : informal ind. disc. ; the un-
written law might have been expressed thus : st quis mtlUiam
detrectdbity in servitutem vinddtur, 3. d6que e6 rSge tri-
umph&vit: see note to p. 11, 1. 5. 4. Insignem: note the
position. 5. turribus : i.e. towers carried on the elephants'
backs, from which the riders hurled missiles. 7. renovfttfl-
ruB put&r6tur : sc. esse ; ^ it was thought that he,' etc. In
Latin the personal construction is preferred. See note to p. 17,
1. 10.

124 Notes [Page 25

8. placuit: sc. populd; *it was the people's pleasure'
10. oppflgnat: cf. tenet j p. 2, 1. ii. 16. utrftque manfl
librfttam . . . d6i6cit : < poised it with both hands and hurled
it down.' See note to p. i, 1. 7.

XIV. MARCUS ATILIUS REGULUS.

17. Marcus Rfigulus : Regulus was one of the ^vorite char-
acters of early Roman history, not only on account of his
heroism, but also, like Fabricius and Curius, on account of his
frugality and the simplicity of his life. The story of his em-
bassy and death at the hands of the Carthaginians are imper-
fectly attested. m&gnSL cl&de : in the ninth year of the First
Punic War Regulus crossed to Africa. On his way he defeated
the Carthaginian fleet with great loss. 18. quasi : * osten-
sibly.' dS pace SLcttLrus: <to treat for peace.' B. 337, 4;
A. 293, ^, 2 ; H. 549, 3. Note that acturus is parallel to «/ . . .
extraheret below. 20. advenirent: see note to p. 15, 1. 18.
21. huic: 'to him.' 22. annis : B. 223; A. 250; H. 423.

23. velut: cf. quasi^ 1. 18. 25. incipifibat: note the tense.

Page 25. 1. v6r6: force? See Vocab. 2. si fSceri-
tis : * if you do ' ; note the force of the tense. nihlld Afrls
meliorSs: * Punic faith' was proverbial with the Romans,
although they themselves, as in the famous affair of the Caudine
Forks, were by no means beyond reproach. 3. par pari
referri : ' to return like for like ' ; note that in the Latin expres-
sion the passive is used. 4. gravitati: gravitas was the
ideal of Roman character; perhaps * dignity' translates it as
well as any single word. Is to metu: 'that fear of yours,'
'that fear which you express.' Cf. isto otio, p. 19, 1. 23.

7. non convSnit : ' no agreement was reached.' 8. primus
traiScit: 'was the first to cross.' 9. trecenta: 'hundreds
of ; trecenti is sometimes used indefinitely of a large number.

Page 26] Regulus 1 25

14. ipsS: 'mere.' 17. repellente: trans, the abl. abs. by a
causal clause.

22. pedes: B. 181, i; A. 257; H. 379. 24. huic . . .
imperium . . . pr5rogfttum est : * his command was pro-
longed.' For the case oi huic cf. iuvem^ p. 7, 1. 27. The impe-
rium was conferred first for a single year only. 26. scripsit
sen&tui: give the letter of Regulus in dir. disc. 27. septem
iflgertlm : note the simplicity of early Roman life, as indicated
by the small size of the consul's farm and his appeal for a recall,
in order to support his family. iUgerum is gen. of measure. Do
not trans, the relative clause literally, but give the meaning in
good English. 28. Instramento rustico : i.e. his tools, the
equipment of his farm.

Page 26. 1. n5n esset nnde: <he should not have the
means,' 'the wherewithal.' alerentox : cf. expedfritur, p. 22,
1. 14. 3. pilblica pectinift: 'from the public treasury,' 'at
public expense.' agellum colendum loc^vit: 'made a
contract for working the farm.' Note the diminutive agellum.
For the construction of colendum cf. educandos^ p. i, 1. 15.
7. dtlrissimls condici5nibus. See note to p. 4, 1. 7. 11. ul-
timft pernicifi : * with awfiil slaughter.' The Latin expression is
even stronger. Note also the emphatic position. 14. ut . . .
redlret : a subst. clause in apposition with iUreiurando, Note
that we cannot say iUrare ut.

15. impetrftsset : informal ind. disc. ; direct form : si non
impeirdverd, redibo. 16. sententiam nS diceret, recusftvit :
* refused to express his opinion,' ' to give his vote.' The sena-
tors gave their votes in a set speech, in which they set forth the
reasons for their views. 19. negtvit esse : trans, as if it
were dixit non esse. 22. cum retinSrStur : how is cum to be
translated here ? B. 309, 3 ; A. 326, n. 2 ; H. 5 15, in. 25. c6n-
servandum : sc. esse. 26. reversum : sc. eum. 27. pal-
pebrls resectis : various stories of the death of Regulus are
told. It is believed by some that he died a natural death in

126 Notes [Page 27

Carthage, and that the stories told of his end were invented
to justify the cruelty practised by his family on some noble
Carthaginian captives.

XV. QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS.

Page 27.

Qulntus Fabius Maximus was one of the most distinguished members of
the famous Fabian gens. He bore three additional names, Verrucosus^
from a wart on his upper lip ; Ovicula, ' the Lamb/ from the mildness of
his temperament ; and Cunctdtor, from his policy in the war with Hannibal.
He was consul for the first time in 233 B.C., and was a comparatively old
man when he was appointed dictator against Hannibal. He died in
203 B.C., having lived to see Hannibal leave Italy. The portion of his
career here narrated fells between the dates given at the head of the passage.

9. secundum Fflnicum bellum: the Second Punic war,
often called the Hannibalic war, lasted from 218 until 202 B.C.
11. Saguntum : the defence of Saguntum was most obstinate.
The city was taken part by part, almost house by house. The
surviving inhabitants burned all their valuables, and many threw
themselves into the flames to avoid capture. foederfttam :
the relations of the foederdtae clvitdtes to Rome differed some-
what, according to the special treaty. In general such states
were independent, though liable to be called on to assist the
Romans with troops and supplies. They did not enjoy the priv-
ileges of Roman citizenship. 15. "Hie," inquit: give this
remark of Fabius in the form of ind. disc, after dicit; after dixit,
vobis: how would ad vos differ in meaning? 16. utrum
placet: sc. vobfs; * whichever you please.' 17. daret: B.
316; A. 339; H. 523, III. Give the reply of the Carthaginians
in dir. disc.

19. quibuB acciperent animis, elsdem : i.e. etsdem animtSy
quibus. B. 251, 4, a; A. 345, ^; H. 453, 2. 22. Trasu-
m6num lacum: this battle, fought in 217 B.C., though most
stubbornly contested, was one of the most disastrous defeats the

Page 28] Fabitis Maximus 127

Romans ever experienced. Livy relates a story to the effect that
the fiiry of the combatants was such that they were unconscious
of a destructive earthquake shock which occurred during the
battle. See Byron, Childe Harold^ iv, 73 :

" And such the shock of battle on this day,
And such the frenzy, whose convulsion blinds
To all save carnage, that, beneath the fray,
An earthquake rolled unheedingly away."

25. dictator : an extraordinary magistrate appointed in time
of peril. He held his office for six months only, and was
preceded by twenty-four lictors with the fasces and axes. He
had associated with him a lieutenant called the Master of
Horse (magister equitum), whom he usually appointed himself.
As he had no colleague, and was irresponsible, his power was
greater than that of the consul. impetum mor§ frSgit : i.e.
he checked Hannibal's victorious career by a policy of delay.
His design was to harass Hannibal and tire him out, without
risking a decisive battle. From the successful outcome of these
tactics * Fabian policy ' has become proverbial.

Page 28. 1. edoctuB : cf. note to p. 22, 1. 25. 3. mo-
dic5 intervftllo : see note to p. 4, 1. 7. 4. castrls : B. 218,
7 ; A. 258,/"; H. 425, II, I, i) ; castrls is really an abl. of means.
5. quantum: B. 176, 3; A. 238, b\ H. 378, 2. cogeret:
informal ind. disc, representing the design of Fabius. His
thought might be expressed thus : castrts^ nisi quantum necessitas
cogety mf litis tenebo, 6. rei bene gerendae : < of scoring a
success.' qua: B. 91, 2; A. 105,^; H. 190, i. darStur:
cf. note on cdgeret, 1. 5.

8. superior diacfideret : cf. our expression ' came off victor.'
mHitem . . . virtatia suae : B. 209, i ; A. 221, ^; H. 409, iii.
10. laudem : Ennius, an early Roman poet, writes of Fabius :
Unus homo nobfs cunctando restituit rem. See p. 31, 1. 10.
12. angUBtils : see note on castris, 1. 4.

128 Notes [Page 29

15. qu6B : B. 175, 2, ^?), 2) ; A. 228, a, 18. eztrft vftllnm
6gredi: *to leave the camp.' For egredt see B. 331, 11 ; A.
330, 2 ; and 424, R. 2 ; H. 535, 11. 20. Fabi5 conflaret in-
vidiam: <that he might make Fabius unpopular.' Note the
literal meaning. 21. agrum: ^farm,' 'estate.' 26. voci-
ttbant: note the force of the verb and tense. 27. magister
equitum: see note to p. 27, 1. 25. 28. ilium . . . terere:
see note to p. 49, 1. 3.

Page 29. 1. quo . . . habSret: see note to p. 9, 1. 2.
2. dictator! . . . aequtvit : * gave the master of horse equal
rank with the dictator.' On dictatori see B. 187, i ; A. 225;
H. 384, II; onimperio, B. 226; A. 253; H. 424. 3. aequo
animo: < patiently.' See note to p. 3, 1. 24. 5. auzilio:
B. 191,2; A. 233; H. 390, I.

7. receptui: B. 191, i; A. 233, b\ H. 390, i. ab b5
. . . Fabi5: note the order. 10. dedisse: 'had brought.'
12. idemque facere : i.e. Fabium pair em appellare. As Livy
tells the story, Minucius ordered his soldiers to hail those of
Fabius as patront, ' protectors.' 14. tredecim ferg : * about
a dozen.' 15. per apeciem vSnandl: 'as if to hunt,' 'pre-
tending that they were going hunting.' 19. p&stum: see
note to p. 3, 1. 17.

22. factum : sc. est, eoque cdnauSttLdinis adducta est :

' became so usual,' ' such a regular custom.' On cdnsuetudinis
see B. 201, 3 ; A. 216, 4; H. 397, 4. 26. appropinquarunt :
= appropittqudverunt. 28. v&sti corporis : B. 203, i ;
A. 215 and n. ; H. 396, v, and N. 3.

Page 30. 3. Salinttor: Cicero tells us that M. LTvius
Salinator commanded Tarentum when it was taken by Hannibal,
but he is undoubtedly in error. Livy gives the commander's
name as M. Livius Macatus. The name Salinator was first
given in ridicule, because M. Livius imposed a tax on salt, but it
became the regular surname of the family.

Page 31] Fabius Maximus 129

4. in arcem : like most ancient cities, Tarentum had a strong-
hold or arx^ elevated (in the c^e of Tarentum only slightly)
above the rest of the city, and strongly fortified. Here Livius
held out until Fabius retook the dty. 7. leve dicttL : * insig-
nificant/ On diciu.see note to p. 12, 1. 3. 18. Et R5m&ni :
force of £i? snum Hannibalem : <a Hannibal of their
own.' Give this remark in ind. disc, after dtctt ; after dfxii.
19. cSperamus: note the tense. 22. eum: i.e. Fabium.

24. amlsiBBSs . . . recSpiBBem : sc. earn — arcem. Give this
remark in ind. disc. See B. 321; A. 337, b\ H. 527, in.

25. ISgttuB : a general was attended on his expeditions by a
legdtusy or lieutenant, who was chosen by himself, though the
choice had to be ratified by the senate. The legatl were usually
men of considerable military experience. They aided the general
with their advice, but had no independent power.

28. neque : trans, as if it were et non, 29. d^Bcendit: it
was the custom for all officers of inferior rank to dismount from
their horses on the approach of the consul. The respect due to
the consul took precedence of that due from a son to his father.

Page 31. 5. ad summaxn senectutem : he lived to be
nearly ninety years old. When Hannibal withdrew from Italy,
the senate presented a grass wreath to Fabius, the only surviv-
ing general who had served through the whole war with credit.
This wreath, usually given to a general by the army which he
had saved from destruction, was the highest honor that had yet
been bestowed by the state on a Roman citizen.

7. cautior qnam pr5mptior: note the Latin idiom. B.
240,4; A. 192; H. 444, 2, N. I. 9. N6minl dubium eat:
* No one doubts.' rem : = rem publicam, 10. restituerit :
B. 298; A. 319, dT; H. 504,3.

130 Notes [Page 32

XVI. AEMILIUS PAULUS AND TERENTIUS VARRO.

11. in Apnliam pervSnisaet : after the defeat of the Romans
at Lake Trasumenus, Hannibal did not march on Rome, but
made his way through Umbria and Picenum into soiAhern Italy.
After a vain attempt on Capua, Fabius all the while dogging his
steps, he turned into Apulia.

12. R5ma: B. 229, I ; A. 258, a ; H. 412, 11. L. AemiliuB
FauluB et . . . Varr6 : these two consuls represented different
factions, Paulus the aristocracy and Varro the commons, and
were besides wholly at variance in their idea of the way in which
the war should be conducted. Paulus was associated by the
Romans of later times with Fabricius, Curius, and Regulus, as a
national hero.

16. invlt5: * against the will of.' pilgnae: see note on
receptut, p. 29, 1. 7. 23. tribilnuB mHitum: the military
tribunes, six to a legion, commanded the legion in rotation.
25. lacrim&rum : see n. on agrf, p. 15, 1. 22.

Page 32. 2. perdftB : B. 305, 2 ; A. 269, /i, 3 ; H. 489, 2.
3. adveniat: informal ind. disc. See B. 323; A. 327, a.
7. occidSrunt: note the quantity. capti aut occlsl: sc.
sunt, 8. nobilSa viri : the nobles at this time consisted of the
patrician families, together with such plebeians as had obtained
curule offices, with the descendants of the latter. 9. in
testimdnium : *as a proof of,' *to show the greatness of.'
11. equitum . . . Bentt5rum : the right of wearing a gold
ring (iiis anull auret) was at this time the privilege only of
senators, magistrates, flamens, knights, and ambassadors to
foreign nations during their period of service. Other persons
wore iron rings. 15. ceBBandum : sc. esse.

20. mora . . . imperiS: this was the general belief in
ancient times, but as a matter of fact Hannibal could have gained
nothing by an attempt to storm the strongly fortified city. The

Page 33] Paubis and Varro 131

question whether Hannibal should have advanced on Rome after
Cannae, was in later times a favorite subject of debate in the
schools of rhetoric. 21. saluti ; see n. to p. 23, 1. 26.

24. adeo ut: <so much, so that.^ Capuam Hanniball
Cann&8 : the belief was that the pleasures and luxury of Capua
demoralized Hannibal's troops, and that his wintering there was
a disaster as great as the defeat at Cannae had been to the
Romans. But as Hannibal more than held his own for nine
years afterwards, the effect of the life at Capua has doubtless
been much exaggerated. 28. quin etiam : 'on the contrary.'

Page 33. 1. itum sit : note the tense. The action of the
verb is regarded as an historical fact, past at the time of writing,
instead of being looked at as contemporaneous with fuit, Qi,
B. 268, 6; A. 287, c\ H. 495, vi. 2. desperasset: the
reason of the senate. They might have said : gratias tibi agi-
mus, quod de re publicd non desperavisti, qui : * whereas
he.' 3. fuisset . . . dedisset: see note on/e/Af^^/, p. 15,1.
15. 5. agSbat: note the tense. * While (i.e. all the time
that) Hannibal was spending his time in sloth and idleness, the
Romans were beginning to get their breath again.' What dif-
ferent meaning would the present have? Cf. tenet y p. 2, 1. 11,
and see B. 293, 11 ; A. 328, 2 ; H. 519, i.

6. erant : sc. els and trans, as if it were nulla arma habebant,
7. tempUs . . . spolia : in accordance with a common custom,
armor taken from their conquered enemies had been hung in the
temples as offerings to the gods. This their necessity compelled
them to use. servi mantLmissI : a regular ceremony was
performed. The most common form was this : the magistrate
touched the slave's head with a rod and declared him free;
meanwhile the master had been holding the slave, and when he
was declared free he let him go, / manil Entlsit,

10. boUXs : see n. to p. 1 1, 1. 16. BingulXs ftnulXs : ' a ring
apiece.' See n. to p. 32, 1. 10. 12. suffScfire: i.e. for mak-

132 Notes [Page 34

ing lists of contributions. tabulae : these tablets consisted of
two, or sometimes three, thin pieces of wood, of which the outer
surfaces were plain, while the inner were covered with wax and
surrounded by a narrow rim of wood. They were written on by
means of the stilus^ an instrument resembling a pencil in size
and shape.

15. redimendl sui: B. 339, 5; A. 298, a\ M. 542,1, n. i.
cdpiamfSciaset: < had given the opportunity.^ 16. exipaXs:
< of their number.* 17. iflrSrent . . . 86 . . . redittLrda: cf.
p. 26, lines 14 and 15, with the notes. 19. redimendds :
sc. esse, 22. veluti aliquid oblitus: < pretending to have
forgotten something.' For the case of aliquid see B. 206, 2, a ;
A. 219; H.407. paiil5 post . . . regresBus: he pretended
to think that by returning to the camp in this way he could re-
main at Rome without violating his oath. 23. rS n5n impe-
tr&ta: * after the failure of the embassy.' 25. Quod ubi:
* When this.'

28. r6bus adfllctXs : by what kind of a clause should this
be translated? What const, might have taken its place?
29. esset: note the mood; it might be expressed by *the
thought that the senate,' etc.

XVII. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS.

Page 34. 1. Fublius CornSliuB Sclpi5 : the Scipios were
a patrician family of the Cornelian gens. This family produced
some of the greatest men of Rome, all of whom were strong
partisans of the aristocratic faction. The family tomb of the
Scipios was discovered in 1780 near the Porta Capena, and is
one of the most interesting remains of the Republic. Scipio
Africanus appears to have lived from 234 to 185 B.C. ; the por-
tion of his career which is narrated here began in 218 B.C.
virlll toga : see note to p. 11, 1. 16, above.

Page 35] Scipio Africanus 133

4. iam nunc: ^was just on the point of.' interiecto
corpore : trans, by a phrase beginning with * by/ 6. Quae
piet&8 : ^ This act of filial affection/ What other meanings
has pietdsf 7. petenti: *when he was a candidate for/
8. negantSs rationem 6iu8 esse habendam : ^ saying that no
account ought to be made of him/

9. 16gitima aetas : to be an aedile a man should have reached
the age of thirty-six. 10. QuiritSs : the official designation
of the Roman people in a civil capacity. 11. inde : * then,'
* thereupon.* 12. dSstiterint : see note on itum sit, p. 33, 1- 1 .

13. Post cULdem CannSnsem: < after the disastrous defeat
at Cannae.' The use of the adjective is in accordance with the
usual idiom. See B. 353, 5. 15. omnium consSnstl : < unan-
imously.' 16. admodum adulSscentem : trans, by a conces-'
sive clause. What gives the phrase this force ? 23. " liirtte " :
give this remark in ind. disc, after dfcit; after dixit.

Page 35. 2. Haud secns pavidi : ' Quite as much terri-
fied.* What figure? Cf. note to p. 12, 1. 7. 3. cernerent:
cf. note on solitus esset, p. 2, 1. 5. custodiendds : see on
educandos, p. i, 1. 15. 5. du&s clSLdSs: Publius and Gnaeus
Scipio, the father and uncle of Africanus, waged war successfully
in Spain for several years, and contributed not a little to the suc-
cess of the war by keeping Hasdrubal from joining Hannibal in
Italy. Finally in 212 B.C. their armies were separated, and they
were defeated and slain. 10; crederent : informal ind. disc,
expressing the expectation of the people. 12. inops con-
silii: 'at its wit's end.* For the case see note to p. 10, 1. 21.
campum : i.e. the Campus Mar tins.

14. fermS: < not quite/ 15. posset: the. subj. denotes
Scipio's purpose. 16. ad Unnm : < to a man.' 18. anim5-
rum impetus resSdit : < their enthusiasm cooled.' populum
R5m&num . . . facti: see note to p. 28, 1. 8. 19. aetiti:
YihWtftdo governs either the dat. or abl., difftdo usually governs
the dat., rarely the abl.

134 Notes [Page 36

21. gerendum easet: why subjunctive? Note that quod is
relative. 24. quo diS v6nlt: = eo die quo venitj * on the day
of his arrival/ i.e. before the town. Advancing with incredible
celerity, he surprised the town with an inadequate garrison, and
took it by storm before help could arrive. B6: ^lnto this
town.^ 25. ibi . . . ibi . . . ibi: anaphora. B. 350, 11, ^;

A. 386, II ; H. 636, III, 3. 26. quibuB omnibus : see note
to p. 2, 1. 24. 28. ezimiae formae : see note to p. 13, 1- 3.

Page 36. 1. parentibuB et apdnao: case? Why?
7. accident : < shall be added.^ 10. victum . . . ezpulit :
* conquered and drove out.' 14. generis : gen. of character-
istic. formSL: abl. of characteristic. Might generis be
changed to the abl. and forma to the gen.? Cf. p. 35, 1. 28.
15. cilias: see Vocab. id aet&tis: <at that age,' 'at his
time of life.' B. 201, 2, and 185, 2; A. 216,3 and 240, b\ H.
397, 3 and 378, 2. 20. aetStem : < youth.' 21. ante : i.e.
ante eum diem quo pUgnatum est cum Romdnfs, 25. efftisls
gaudi5 lacrimis : ' shedding tears of joy,' ' with tears of joy.'
v6r5 : ' certainly.'. 27. datXisque : sc. ets.

Page 37. 3. N5men imperfttSris : after a victory it was
customary for the soldiers to salute their commander as impe-
rdtor. This was a mere formal compliment, as he had received
the imperium on taking command of the army. 4. appell&-
runt = appelldverunt. mihi : ' in my eyes,' ' in my opinion.'

B. 188, 2, ^; A. 235; H. 384, 4. rSgium n5men: <the title
of king'; it is parallel to ndmen imperdtoris in 1. 3. For the
use of the adjective cf. p. 34, 1. 13.

7. rSg&lem : differs how from regium in meaning? 12. con-
ciliandos: sc. esse. 15. sperftret: B. 283, 3; A. 320, e\
H.. 549, 3. 17. qu5cum . . . vlv6bat: < whose most inti-
mate friend he was.' 18. s5 accipere adnuit : ' expressed
his willingness to accept.' nee . . . voluit: 'but refused.'
19. ips5 cfiram : * himself in person,' an emphatic expression.

Page 39] Scipio Africanus 135

22. appelleret: note the spelling and quantity . petlturus:
see note to p. 24, 1. 18. 23. invitatus : sc. est, CSnatum
est : ^ They dined.^ 24. eodem lecto : the Romans reclined
at their meals, supported on the left elbow, the right being left
free to take food. Three persons usually reclined on one
couch. Why is the prep, omitted? 26. inf SstiBBimum :
* most deadly.' 27. sibi concili&ret : < won the heart of.'

Page 38. 1. iamdudum cupiSbat : ' had for a long time
been eager.' B. 260, 4 ; A. 277, b ; H. 469, 2. 5. paucls :
used substantively. 7. praesentds: sc. eius. 9. cultus
munditiis : ^ elegantly adorned.' 10. attonitus : ' over-
whelmed.' 11. d6 fnio : see p. 36, 1. 13 fol. Otl ftlio remiss d
see note on virgines raptds, p. 3, 1. 14. 12. earn: <such an.'

13. quam: <and now that rt.' 16. ante annas: < before
the legal age,' which was forty-three. Scipio held all the offices
of state before the legal age. Cf. p. 34, 1. 9. 18. inde:
^from there,' i.e. from Sicily. 20. nee: trans, as if ^/ non,
21. id : ue. ut equites armts et equis tnstrueret, 23. equls
milit&rent: * serve as cavalry.' Note the literal meaning.
24. qua : sc. die. Note the gender. Cf. p. 22, 1. 20. 25. terrft
marique : B. 228, c\ A. 258, c, 2, d; H. 425, 2.

Page 39. 1. horrSre appSrSbat : < evidently shrank from.'
2. remlssfirnm : < would excuse.' 3. voluissent: ^ would
consent.' Give Scipio's offer in dir. disc. 6. vento secundo :
see note to p. 4, 1. 7. With a fevorable wind the voyage from
Sicily to Africa can be made in one day.

7. tanto ardore: for the case cf. vento, 1. 6. 10. brevi:
sc. tempore. 11. attonitos , because such a fall was consid-
ered a bad omen. Similar stories are told of Julius Caesar,
William the Conqueror, and other famous men. 14. mfitStus
est : when a Roman army encamped, even for a single night, the
camp was always carefully measured off and laid out accord-
ing to a regular plan. An elevated or easily defended posi-

136 Notes [Page 40

tion was chosen whenever possible. 18. interrogfttos : sc.
eds. 25. captuB : sc. est. 27. esaet nuntifttam: subject?

28. effusa eat ; praec6d6bat . . . sequSbfttur : note order.
Cf. p. 16, 1. 27, and the note. ipse : i.e. Syphax.

Page 40. 3. adi^verat : might the subjunctive have been
used? Why? aureft cordnft: see note to p. 16, 1. 5.
4. Haec et aliae . . . clftdfia : note the order. 6. revo-
cftrent: Hannibal had been absent from Carthage thirty*six
years.

10. Cannfinal: <of Cannae.^ See note to p. 34, 1. 13.
11. quae orbs: <a city which.' difirnm: cf. annorumy
p. II, 1. 15. iter: B. 181; A. 257, d; H. 379. & Car-
thflgine : the preposition is usual with names of towns in ex-
pressions of this kind; but cf. Roma, p. 31, 1. 12. 15. duo
. . . duc68 : note the order.

17. n5n conveniaaet: <no agreement had been reached.'
22. ptignflrl: impersonal. 27. legte: < conditions' of peace.

29. pacta eaaent: subj. by attraction, or perhaps informal
ind. disc, representing the design of the envoys. On the
former see B. 324; A. 342 ; H. 529, 11.

Page 41. 1. terra marlque : cf. p. 38, 1. 25. 2. Ad
quern . . . f actus est: *He was met on his return.' 3. ef-
ffUia . . . multitfido: note the order. 5. omnimn: i.e.
omnium qtuu urbs umquam vfderat. 6. primusque: see
note to p. 16, 1. 2. 10. dicere: B. 209, i, a\ A. 221, ^;
H. 410, IV. hand piget: sc. me, 12. dllAcSsoeret: B.
292, I, N. ventitflre: derivation and meaning? 13. cel-
1am lovis: the middle hall of the great temple of Jupiter,
Juno, and Minerva on the Capitoline Hill.

15. id temporis : i.e. before daylight. For the construction
see hote on id aetdtiSy p. 36, 1. 15. 22. neque iUla: trans,
as if et nulla, 23. Quodam di6 : ^ one day.' ifUi dicSbat :
^ was holding court,' one of the duties of the commander of an

Page 43] Scipio Africanus 137

army and governor of a province. 26. in quern diem . . .
iuberet : < on what day and in what place he bade the sureties
make their appearance.'

Page 42. 2. dixit : cf. dicebat^ p. 41, 1. 23. 3. anlsque
invisuB : * an object of hatred to his countrymen.' 6. EphesI :
B. 232, I ; A. 258, ^, 2 ; H. 425, n. 10. QuaerenH : sc. ei^
i.e. Scipiom, 12. castra mStSrl: see note to p. 39, 1. 14.
For the construction see B. 328, i; A. 330, B; H. 533, i.
loca c6pit : i.e. for a camp.

15. qnidnam: force of nam? dlcer&i . . . vIcisB&i:
force of the mood and of the tenses ? Turn :=st te vlcissem,
20. quondam: ^once upon a time.' 23. mCLniendam:
* built.' Not only ought cowards to be allowed to escape, but in
order to get rid of them it was even worth while to build a road
for them. 25. dficrfito belld : in 190 B.C. pr5vincia ob-
vfiniBset : at the close of their term of office each of the consuls
was assigned a province to govern. The assignment was made
by lot. 26. panim . . . parom : cf. p. 35,1. 25. 28. aur-
gSna : in the senate, where the matter was under discussion.

Page 43. 2. leg&tum : see note to p. 30, 1. 25. 3. nihil
est . . . commut&tum: ^no change was made.' 5. f rater
nfttil mftior mindrl : i.e. Scipio Africanus went as the Ugdtus
of his younger brother Lucius Scipio. For the case of minort
see B. 188, 1, and N. ; A. 235, a \ H. 384, 11, 4, N. 2. 7. pepe-
riBset : the subjunctive denotes the design of Publius Scipio.

8. bell5: abl. of time. 10. tum m&zimS: 'just at that
very time.' 15. " Abi," etc. : give this reply in ind. disc.
gr&tifta agere: cf. gratiam referre in 1. 16, and see Vocab.
18. n5n convenit: <was not agreed on.' 22. prol&ttim:
trans, by a relative clause. qu5 : trans. * in which ' with con-
tinibantur, * by which ' with refellt; it is abl. of means with both.
24. dubit&rl: 'that there should be any doubt.' 25. ipso
I6g&to : note the construction. Quin etiam : ' Even more,'

138 Notes [Page 44

< Not content with that.' 26. N5n eat, qnod : < There is no
reason why.' 27. quaeritis: B. 295, 7; A. 320, a\ H. 503,
I, N. 2. num: note the meaning. 29. innocentia: com-
monly means * honesty,' * freedom from corruption.' See note to
p. 21, 1. 16.

Page 44. 2. Ptlnioae : sc.^azae. 6. fLniversua : < unan-
imously.' 7. diem dixfirunt: < appointed a day,' i.e. for
trial, on the charge of embezzlement. 8. fraadftaset : note
the mood. Does this imply that the charge was false? See
note to p. 18, 1. 28. 9. causae dicendae: ^for pleading his
cause'; genitive. mSgna freqnentift: see note to p. 4, 1. 7.

11. rdatra: *the rostrum' (in English the singular is used,
in Latin always the plural) or speaker's platform, between the
Comitium and the Forum. It was so called because it was deco-
rated with the beaks of the ships (rostra) taken from the people
of Antium in 338 B.C. oordnft triumphftli : there were three
kinds of ^ triumphal crowns ' ; see * Dictionary of Antiquities.'
The one referred to here was worn by a general during his
triumph, and was of laurel or bay leaves.

16. relinquamua : B. 295, 8 ; A. 331, ^f, cf./, R. ; H. 498, i,
and 499, 2. 17. aupplicatnm : see note to p. 3, I. 17.
20. nee quiaquam: <and no one.' 22. quam qu5: i.e.
guam eo die, quo. 22. triumphftna d6: see note to p. 11,
1. 5. 24. trib^nicUa iniOriXa: 'the insults of the tribunes.'
26. Uternlna vlll&: see note to p. 34, 1. 13. 29. quae:
B. 218, 2, « ; A. 243, e, R. ; H. 414, iv, N. 4.

Page 45. 1. Quod : what part of speech ? Why? 3. vl-
tae : objective gen. 4. quaai : < as they would.' 5. n6
grav&rfitur : ind. disc, representing some form of a negative
request in the dir. disc. 6. apeotaadum : see note on idu--
candos, p. i, 1. 15.

Page 46] The Gracchi 139

XVIII. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS AND GAIUS GRACCHUS.

14. Tiberius et Gk&ius Ghracchi : the story of the Gracchi is
told here from the point of view of Cicero and other adherents
of the aristocratic party, who looked on them as rebels, bent
on the overthrow of the constitution. As a matter of fact, they
were undoubtedly sincere in their desire to reform the many
abuses of their time, and to improve the condition of the com-
mons; but they were forced to adopt revolutionary means to
bring their reforms to pass. Note the number of Gracchi^
the usual usage. eac fllia nepotSs : the father of the Gracchi,
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a distinguished general, married
Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus the Elder. Their sister
was married to Scipio Africanus the Younger. For the constr.
cf. p. 12, 1. 2.

15. bonis artibus: see n. to p. 4, 1. 7. 16. indolem
. . . fiduc&tio : note the derivation and meaning of these two
words. 18. & puerls : < from childhood.^ Graecis litteris :
* Greek literature.' The study of Greek was just beginning to
be an essential part of the education of a Roman of the upper
classes. 21. ill5 saecolo: 'of the time'; cf. ed tempestatey
p. 1 1, 1. 8. 22. muliebriter : * as women will,' * as women love
to do.' 23. redirent : the subjunctive denotes the purpose of
Cornelia; see n. to p. 15, 1. 18.

Page 46. 2. tu6rl poterant : ' might have protected.
With a verb of different meaning the plup. subj. would naturally
have been used. B. 304, 3, a; A. 308, c\ H. 511, i, n. 2.
3. tribanus plfibis creatus : in 133 B.C. 5. agros . . . dl-
vidSbat, prdvincifts . . . replSbat: note the tenses of the
verbs. The Licinian rogations forbade the holding of more
than 320 acres of land by one individual. These had become a
dead letter, and great tracts were held by wealthy men and
worked by their slaves, while the poor citizens were without land
or employment. Gracchus wished to enforce the Licinian roga-

I40 Notes [Page 46

tions, with some modifications. He also wished to provide for
some of the citizens by founding colonies.

6. pr5rog&rI : the tribuneship could not lawfully be held for
two successive years. He wished his term of office continued so
that he might finish carrying out his plans ; the bloodthirsty sen-
timent which follows was doubtless an invention of his enemies.
8. viam ad rSgnum par&re: no name was more hated or
dreaded by the Romans than that of king. The charge of wish-
ing to be made king was brought against many men who tried to
ameliorate the hard lot of the people. 12. ndbilitSji : < the
aristocrats.* ita accSpit : ' understood to mean.* diadfima :
the regular word ; corona is never used in the sense of a kingly
crown. 14. cnm: meaning?

17. sen&tuB . . . para maior: the members of the senate
formed an hereditary nobility. The distinguishing marks of the
order were the toga praetexta^ and a peculiar kind of shoe. The
equestrian order consisted of the equites (see n. to p. 4, 1. 14),
who no longer served as cavalry. They were distinguished by
a narrow purple stripe on the toga and tunic, and a gold ring.
18. cUva Capit61in6 : see Vocab. Abl. of the way by which.

19. subaellil: of the three hundred followers of Gracchus who
perished, not one, it is said, was slain by an iron weapon. The
senators broke up the benches on which they had been sitting,
and armed themselves with the fragments. Cf. Macaulay, Lays
of Ancient RotnCy Virginia^ 46 fol. :

" No cries were there, but teeth set fast,
Low whispers and black frowns,
And breaking-up of benches.
And girding-up of gowns."

20. potuerat: see note on poterant, 1. 2; 22. qui: sc.
occupaverat. Gaium Oracchuin: he went farther than his
brother. Besides reviving his brother's agrarian laws, he tried
to limit the power of the senate by transferring their judicial

Page 48] The Gracchi 141

functions to the knights. He was tribune in 123 B.C. 27. da-
bat: force of the tense? 28. oiim68 boni: the term by
which Cicero designates the aristocrats. 29. in quibus
mSzime : < and especi^y.^

Page 47. 1. tamen: Mn spite of that.' 4. quitibic5n-
Btaa: ' how are you consistent?' 6. Nolim: subj. of mod-
esty. B. 280, 2^a\ A. 311, iJ ; H. 485. quidem : emphasizes
nolimy ^I shouldn't like.'' 7. liceat: B. 296, \^a\ A. 331, ^,
and/, R. ; H. 499, 2. facifia : note the vivid fiit. cond. ; *If you
do it, I shall ask for my share.' 9. patrimonium pfLblicum :

* the state's inheritance,' i.e. the money which had accumulated
in the public treasury. The term patrimonium is suggested by
Piso's remark.

11. ut vidfiret cdnsul : the regular formula by which dicta-
torial powers were conferred on the consul. The last dictator
(see n. to p. 27, 1. 25) was appointed in 202 B.C. The dictator-
ships of Sulla and Caesar were of an entirely different character.
14. famili& : what did thb word mean to a Roman ? See Vocab.

16. cum iam comprehenderfitur : <when he was on the
point of being overtaken.' 18. corpua : sc. in Tiberim deiec-
tum erat, 21. repSnaum: sc. esse. 22. eum: i.e. Sep-
tumuleium. 26. Bloaaiua quidam : ^one Blossius,' ^a man
named Blossius.' 28. tanti : B. 21 1, 3, a ; A. 252, a ; H. 405.
Give the excuse of Blossius in dir. disc. 29. Quid : sc. de
hoc dtcis ; calls attention to the following question; *What!'

* Look here ! '

Page 48. 1. fac6s anbdere : < to set fire to.' 4. qui-
dem: emphasizes id\ *He never would have wished that.^
5. v6x: ^ word,' * remark.' 6. peccaveria: subjunctive with
the indefinite second person. B. 302, 2 ; A. 309, ^ ; H. 508, 5, 2.
7. orfttid : Gains Gracchus was one of the greatest Roman ora-
tors. 8. cum alia tum haec: ^this among other things.'
Note the literal trans. 9. ex &iu veatrd : < to your advan-
tage.'

142 Notes [Page 49

11. assem : like our expression, < a red cent.^ 12. sfUnp-
tum ffioisse : ' was put to expense.^ 13. ZonSLs qufta . . .
efts : trans, eas zdnds^ quds, 15. vinl ; argentd : B. 204, i ;
A. 248, c^ 2 and r. ; H. 421, ii, and N. 5. Argent is really abl.
of means ; cf. argent f in 1. 14.

XIX. GAIUS MARIUS.

17. C. Marius : he was born at Arpinum in 157 B.C. and died
in 86 B.C. mllitiae mdlmentum posuit : ^ was initiated in
the art of war,' cf. prima stipendia facere^ p. 16, 1. 4. 18. Scl-
pi5nl : i.e. Scipio Africanus the Younger, grandson by adoption
of the elder Africanus. 21. qiiidam : < some one.' illl :
i.e. Scfpioni. 22. quemnam: cf. qiiidnam, p. 42, 1. 14.

25. rfibua : B. 226, 2 ; A. 245, a ; H. 421, iii.

26. lugurtham : Jugurtha had become king of Numidia by
the murder of the rightful heirs to the throne. The vengeance
of the Romans was delayed by wholesale bribery, and when
war was declared (118 B.C.) it was retarded in the same way.
Metellus, a man of integrity and ability, was sent against him in
no B.C.

Page 49. 2. bellum d^cere : < of prolonging the war,' =
quasi bellum duceret, 3. al fScissent: note the ind. disc,
without a formal verb of saying. Change the sentence to dir.
disc. aut vivum aut mortuum : in English we more com-
monly reverse the words ; * dead or alive.' Cf. ferrO igntque, p.
18, 1. 12. 6. BuffectuB: ^substituted.' Consul suffectus is
the regular term for a consul chosen to fill a vacancy made by
death or another cause. Bellum coeptum: trans, by a
relative clause.

9. aggreBBua ffLdit : trans, by two verbs. 10. rfigil : trans,
by a noun in the gen. n5n sine maltd lab5re : = summo
laborer cf. p. 35, 1. 2. 12. arantfis: instead of one of the

Page 51] Marius 143

various ways of expressing purpose, with a very slight difference
of meaning; *who asked for peace/ 14. vinctus: *a pris-
oner.^ 15. triumphans: ^when he triumphed/ ^in his tri-
umph^; i.e. on his return to Rome. 16. oarcerem: the
Tullianum. See n. to p. 10, 1. 9. Qu5 : see n. to p. 16, 1. 20.

21. crefttua: sc. est. ZZ. dficrfitum est: i.e. by the

senate. Cimbrda et Teutonfis : for a description of these
peoples see Mommsen's History of Ronu (English transla-
tion), vol. Ill, p. 217 fol. 26. nequlverant: sc. obtinere.
27. Trfia ducSs : C. Papirius Carbo, 113 B.C. ; M. Juniu§^Silanus,
109 B.C. ; L. Cassius Longinus, 107 B.C. The Romans are said
to have lost 80,000 men in the last battle. 29. fug&tl, eauti :
sc. sunt. Actum erat dS : ^ It would have been all over with,^
lit. *it was.' See n. to p. 15, 1. 15.

Page 50. 1. niai fuiaaet: <if it hadn't been for.' sub
ipala: *just at'; at Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix) in 102 B.C.
3. medium : < flowing through the middle of it.' R5m&nl8 :
sc. eraty and trans, as if it were Romdnl aquarum niillatn copiam
habebant. Note the plu. aquarum^ of the springs which gave
the place its name. 6. illio : pointing to the enemy's position.

7. eaque: see n. to p. 6, 1. 7. 9. Caeaa: sc. tsse.
11. comprehSnaua : trans, by a relative clause. 13. auper
tropaea ipaa: <even above the trophies.' The tropaea were
made of the arms and armor of the vanquished enemy.
16. n5n . . . nee : < not . . . nor yet.' 19. poatulantSa : cf.
note on orantis, p. 49, 1. 12. 20. quda illl fr&trea dicerent :
* whom they meant by brothers,' * what brothers they were talk-
ing about.' 21. Omittite : * Never mind.' 23. ludibrio :
see n. to p. 29, 1. 7. 25. advfiniaaent: why subjunctive?
Simul atque is ordinarily followed by the indie, like ut and ubi.
AtquI adaunt : < Oh, but they are here,' * Why, here they are.'

Pag^e 51. 2. diem . . . petit: i.e. asked him to name a
day for the battle, in accordance with a common custom of the

144 Notes [Page 52

Germanic and Gallic tribes. • 3. Prozixnum: sc. diem.
10. tamen ; in spite of their brave resistance. U. fiUsLique :
' and dashing out the brains of.* 13. ab . . . pependSrunt :
< hanged themselves to.* 15. iino : B. 219, i ; A. 254, ^; H.
421, III. 16. nov5 homlnl: i.e. a man whose ancestors had
held no office at Rome. Cicero, the fellow-townsman of Marius,
was a novus homo.

26. MithridStem : Mithridates VI, or the Great, was a man
of great skill in the art of war, of wonderful strength and endur-
ance, and of unusual culture. He was a formidable enemy of
Rome until he was finally conquered by Pompey; see p. 64.
27. 15gem . . . tolit : in connection with this law he proposed
others, which limited the amount of property which a senator
could hold and increased the power of the plebeians.

Page 52. 1. tirbem : i.e. Romam^ a common designation.
4. nt erat: 'just as he was.* 7. servus pilblicus: i.e. a
slave owned by the state. nfttiSne Cimber: he naturally
stood in awe of Marius. 8. dfitermit : ' frightened from his
purpose.* 9. hom5 : contemptuously, ' fellow.*

16. in loclB Bdlit&rilB: Carthage, after its destruction in
146 B.C., remained uninhabited until the time of Augustus.
18. obtinSbat: 'was governing.* 19. tamen: i.e. in spite
of his official position, which would constrain him to be hostile
to an outlaw. 21. intuentem : trans, by a clause beginning
with 'when.* 22. rogavit : sc. /zV/^r.

Page 53. 1. magis: 'rather.* 4. nSbilSs: 'prominent
men.* Note the derivation of the word. 6. licentia: 'law-
less reign.' Hoc tempore : ' at this time,* thought of as a
period; slightly different from the ace. of duration of time.
9. lactu: 'at the expense of the grief,* a kind of abl. of price.
peteret: B. 283, 2; A. 320,^7; H. 503, i. 10. quaedam :
' as it were.* 12. ingenti omnium laetiti& : ' to the great joy
of all.* See n. to p. 4, 1. 7.

Page 55] Sulla 1 45

16. armfttuB . . . tog&tna: Mn war ... in peace/
18. dilrior: * somewhat hard,' * rather disinclined.' See n.
to p. 12, 1. lo. hfbnSnit&tis stadia: * refined pursuits,' *the
humanities.' ingenuarum: * liberal.'

21. nobilit&te: ^fame,' * reputation.' Derivation? vul-
gar! lapide : i.e. instead of importing rare and beautiful marbles,
and employing a Greek architect, he had it built of the common
Roman tufa by a native builder. 23. doctSribus : derivation
and meaning? 24. profuissent: in his opinion, as the subj.
shows. At Idem: <But yet he.' 26. Acrem: note the
emphatic position.

XX. LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA.

Page 54. 3. dizisset: subj. by attraction. B. 324; A.
342 ; H. 529, II. 5. bello lugurthino : see n. to p. 34, 1. 13.
6. lUdicrae artis : * the drama.' 9. sorte : after being elected
by the comitia^ the quaestors had their posts assigned them by
lot. 10. Eiusdem : ' his.'

15. non Inferior Hannibale : 'not inferior to Hannibal.'
B. 217, i; A. 247; H. 417. 16. quidem: 'by the way.'
19. duobuB proelilB : at Chaeroneia and Orchomenos in Boe-
otia. 21. oppressisset : 'and he would have completely de-
feated him.' 22. qu&lemcamque pftcem : ' peace on any
terms.' 23. pecHnia : B. 208, i, ^; A. 220, ^, i ; H. 410, iii.
26. urbftnSa : ' in the city.'

Page 55. 3. dictator : Sulla's dictatorship had nothing in
common with those of early Roman history except the name.
He was virtually king. , 4. %ponte : — sudsponte. 5. dSdi-
torum inermium civium : a sort of climax ; they were prisoners
of war, unarmed, and Roman citizens. in Circd : the Circus
Maximus; see n. to p. 11, 1. 4. 8. quibus imperarent :
* somebody to rule over.'

146 Notes [Page 56

9. exemplo: see n. to p. 4, 1. 12. 12. etiam: < still/
Ingfins : emphatic position ; note also the derivation and mean-
ing of the word. 18. mihi: B. 188, i; A. 235, <?; H. 389,
N. 2. 19. Neque longfi progresaua : trans, as if it were et
Priusquam Umgi progressus esset. 22. s6 appell&vit: /as-
sumed the title.' 23. tunc : * just at that very time,' when he
assumed the title Felix, 23. Faustum : Faustus and Fausta
are both connected with fav-eo, and mean much the same as
Felix, 24. pauciB annis post: before his abdication he
enacted laws which greatly diminished the powers of the people
and increased those of the senate. Among other things, he
diminished the power of the tribunes of the people.

Page 56. 2. andSret: B. 283, 2; A. 320, a; H. 503, i.
6. id tantum dlcSna : ' merely remarking.' 7. efficiet n5
quia: <will keep anyone from.' 14. dCLzerit: cf. note on
(turn sit, ^. 33,1. I. 19. cIvXUb: < of citizens.' 23 cor-
r^pit: < dimmed.'

EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO
LATIN.

The following Exercises have been prepared because it is believed that
daily practice in translating English into Latin should be continued at least
throughout the preparatory course. It is assumed that the pupil has
worked through some one of the first Latin books. The aim, therefore, is
not to furnish graded lessons in syntax, but rather to cultivate the habit of
carefully noting the vocabulary and constructions of the Text. It is strongly
recommended that when the exercises are written, the pupil be required to
mark the quantjty of all the long vowels.

Some of the errors to which beginners are especially inclined are guarded
against in the following Hints, to which references are made by Roman
numerals (VI, X). References are also made to the pages and lines of the
Text (as p. lo, 1. 6). Words between parentheses are to be omitted in
translating into Latin.

HINTS.

I. Remember that only deponent verbs have a perfect
active participle. With other verbs, ' having done this ' and
similar expressions must be translated into Latin by the
ablative absolute, or by a clause introduced by cum^ ubi^ etc.
Do not use the abl. abs. when it may be replaced by a
participle agreeing with the subject or object of the verb : ,
e.g. 'Having put the babes in a trough, he threw them
into the Tiber,* parvutos alveo impostfds in Tiberim abtecit
(p. 1, 1. 7).

II. The present participle is often used loosely in English.
It must be translated into Latin by a perfect participle or an

H7

148 Exercises for

equivalent (see I), unless its action is strictly contempora-
neous with that of the verb on which the participle depends :
e.g. ' Faustulus, noticing the circumstance, took them to his
cottage/ Faustulus, r'e animadversa, eos tulit in casam
(p. I, 1. 14).

III. Tenses are generally used more accurately in Latin
than in English. We say, for instance, * If he comes, I shall
see him * : the Latin more accurately says, st veniet or st
venerit (fut. perf.). In translating into Latin, determine the
exact relations of time, and use the corresponding tenses.
In indirect discourse the time must be determined with
reference to that of the verb which introduces the indirect
discourse. In order to do this, try to reproduce the speaker's
words : e.g. * They swore that if they did not accomplish
their purpose, they would return to the camp ' ; they said,
st non impetraverimus (fut. perf.), in castra redtbitnus ;
hence, iuraverunt se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse
redituros (p. 33, 1. 18).

IV. Remember how indirect discourse is expressed.
Read carefully B. 313-322; A. 336-339; H. 522-527.
While reading Latin, carefully notice the moods and tenses
in all indirect quotations. With verbs meaning * to promise,'
the fut. inf. with subject accusative is commonly used.
Observe that indirect discourse is often implied; see B. 323 ;
A. 340; H. 528.

V. Independent statements are much more common in
English than in Latin. Hence, in translating English into
Latin, many co-ordinate verbs in English should be made
subordinate in the Latin in some of the ways suggested in
I and II.

VI. The Latin pronouns are more numerous and more

Translation into Latin 149

definite than the English. Where in English we repeat a
proper name to avoid ambiguity, or use such paraphrases
as * the king/ ' the Carthaginian/ etc., a carefully chosen
pronoun should be used in Latin.

VII. Be careful in the use of pronouns. On se and suus
see B. 244 ; A. 196 ; H. 448 and 449. In your Latin read-
ing carefully observe the use of pronouns.

VIII. Purpose may be expressed in various ways, but not
(in prose) by the infinitive.

IX. The voluntary agent is expressed by the ablative
with a preposition ; the means or instrument, by the abla-
tive without a preposition.

X. Be carefiil in translating English prepositions : e.g.
'He killed him with a sword,* gladio eum interfecit; *he
went with him,' cum eo wit; ' when he heard of this,' cum
de hoc audivisset; 'a man of great eloquence,' vir magna
eloquentia ; ' the shepherd of the king,' pastor regius. Deter-
mine the exact force of the English preposition, and translate
accordingly.

XI. In translating into Latin such sentences as ' the man
I saw,' the relative cannot be omitted. In cases where in
English two nouns are connected by a preposition, unless
the relation can be expressed in Latin by the genitive, a
relative clause is generally necessary : e.g. * The embassy
from Pyrrhus,' either Pyrrhi legatio or legatio quae a Pyrrho
missa est (or erat^. Frequently an adjective may be used :
e.g. ' In the war with Jugurtha,' belid lugurthtno (see p. 54,
1. 5, and the cross references).

XII. A personal or demonstrative pronoun at the begin-
ning of a sentence, and sometimes a noun (see VI), is often
best translated into Latin by a relative pronoun.

1 50 Exercises for

XIII. Note that with personal, and usually with relative
pronouns, the preposition cum is enclitic : mecumy tecum.

XIV. Some conjunctions like enim, autem, etc., are post-
positive ; i.e. they do not stand first in the sentence, but
after one or more words. This is always indicated in the
Vocabulary. Inquit^ ' said he,* always follows one or more
words of a quotation. The vocative does not stand first.
See p. 9, 1. 22 and the note.

XV. Observe that verbs which govern the dative, or
another case than the accusative, must be used impersonally
in the passive : e.g. ' He obeys Caesar,' Caesan paret; but
' Caesar is obeyed,' Caesan paretur.

XVI. In expressing the relations of place, the preposition
is omitted with names of towns ; place where is expressed
by the locative, which in the singular of the first and second
declensions has the same form as the genitive ; in the third
declension, and in the plural, the same form as the dative
or ablative.

XVII. Prohibitions, or negative commands, are expressed
by the perfect subjunctive with «?, by noH (pi. ndnte^ with
the infinitive, or cave (pi. cav'ete^ with the subjunctive.

XVIII. Causal clauses introduced by quod, quia^ and
quoniam take the indicative, unless the reason of some
other person than the speaker or writer be given, when the
subjunctive is used on the principle of implied indirect
discourse (IV). .

XIX. Note the idiomatic use of certain adjectives : e.g.
in extremo pontCy * at the end of the bridge ' ; in media urbe,
*in the middle of the city' ; summus mons, 'the top of the
mountain'; primus cepit, 'he was the first to take.'

XX. Distinguish : ' I may do this,' licet mihi hoc facere^

Translation into Latin 151

ox licet hoc faciam ; 'I can do this/ hoc facere possum; *I
ought to do this/ hoc facere debeOj or oportet me hoc facere;
' I W2^j/ do this/ w? hoc facere necesse est, necesse est ut hoc
faciam, or hoc mi hi faciendum. In the past tenses the
auxiliary becomes past, and not the infinitive as in English :
e.g. licuit mihi hoc facere.

XXI. Some verbs are used with either the infinitive or
the subjunctive with a difference of meaning; the former
if the idea is really indirect discourse, the latter if it is
purpose : e.g. ' He persuades me that this is so,' mihi per-
suadet hoc ita esse; *he persuades me to do this,' mihi
persuade t ut hoc faciam,

XXII. To write good Latin one must not only express
himself with grammatical correctness, but also idiomatically.
Many English expressions cannot be rendered literally ; in
fact, a continuous passage of idiomatic English can hardly
ever be translated word for word into idiomatic Latin. Read
the passage carefully, and translate the thought, not the
words.

I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME.

I. Numitor and Amulius were the sons of Proca, King
of Alba.^ 2. The kingdom will be left by * Proca to Numitor,
the older brother. 3. When this was known,^ Rhea Silvia
was cast into prison.* 4. The children will be placed * in a
trough and thrown* into the Tiber, which has overflowed its

I p. 1, 1. 1. * p. 1, 1. 6.

2 IX. 6 V.

8 p. z, 1. 6 or 1. 13. Express both ways.

152 Exercises for

banks. 5. The story goes^ that^ a she-wolf, hearing® the
crying of the children, acted as their mother. 6. Faustulus,
the king's* shepherd, will give Romulus and Remus to his
wife, to*^ be brought up. 7. Let us tell Romulus who his
grandfather is. 8. Remus is accused by the robbers of ^
making-raids-on Numitor*s estates.^ 9. Numitor will come
near® putting Remus to death.® 10. Remus is said to have
been very like his mother. 1 1 . Let us consult ^ the auspices
(as to) which-of-the-two shall give his name to the new
city. 12. Remus, who had leaped over" the wall, was
killed by his angry brother, who afterwards^ reigned^
alone.

Romulus and Remus were grandsons " of Numitor, to
whom the government of Alba had been left by ^ his father
Proca.

AmuUus, who had driven out his brother, in order that he
himself might reign, ordered ^^ that they be thrown into the
Tiber, which, as-it-happened," had overflowed its banks.
When the flood subsided,^® the children were left on dry-land.
At first ^ a she-wolf is said to have acted as their mother ;
then * Faustulus, the king's shepherd, noticing ^^ the circum-
stance, gave them to his wife to bring up. When the
boys^ had grown up, and Faustulus had told them who their

1 p. 1, 1. la 8 p. 2, 1. 8. 16 iussit. See B. 331, II ;

■^ IV. 9 p. 2, 1. 12. A. 331, a : H. 535, II.

«II. lOp. 2. 1. 17. 17 p. 1,1.7.

4 p. 1, 1. 14. 11 p. 2, 1. 21. 18 p. 1, 1. 8.

6 p. 1, 1. 15 or 1. 3. Ex- 12 p. 2, 1. 18. i9/r*w5.

press both ways. is p. 2, 1. 23, or p. i, 1. 3. 20 p, i^ 1^ 15^
« p. 2, 1. 4. 1* p. 2, 1. 8. 21 p. i^ 1. i^

7 p. 2, 1. 4. 16 IX. 22 VI.

Translation into Latin 153

grandfather was, they slew ^ AmuUus and restored ^ Nuraitor
to the throne. Then they resolved ^ to found a new city,
which (when) founded, they called Rome. Romulus, angry
with his brother because he laughed-at * the walls of the new
city, slew him.

II. ROMULUS.

I. Romulus said that Rome was the semblance* of a
city rather than a city, because inhabitants were lacking.^
2. Romulus will open* an asylum, that the shepherds may
flee thither (for refuge). 3. In order that Romulus and
the people might have wives, envoys were sent to the neigh-
boring states, to ask for an alliance and the-right-of-inter-
marriage. 4. Since the neighbors will not listen to the
embassy, let us conceal * our vexation and make ^ prepara-
tion for games. 5. The Sabines are said to have come
to ^ Rome with their wives and children, in order that they
might see the new city. 6. When the Sabines had turned
their attention to the games, the maidens, at^ a signal given
by Romulus, were carried off by the Romans. 7. Titus
Tatius made war on the Romans on account of the carry-
ing* off of the Sabine maidens. 8. When the Sabines ^^
approached the city, it happened" that Tarpeia, whose
father commanded the Roman citadel, had gone outside
the walls to^^ get water. 9. Tatius promised^ that" he

IV. 6 V. p. 3. 1. 7. 11 p. 3. 1. 17.

2 p. 2, L 17. 7 XVI. 12 VI 1 1, p. 3. L 17, or p. I,

8 XVIII. 8abl.abs. 1.3.

4 p. 2. 1. 25. ** p. 3, 1. 14. 18 p. 3, 1. 2a.

»p. 3, 1. I. 10 VI, XII. iMV.

r 54 Exercises for

would give Tarpeia her choice of a gift, if she would guide ^
his army into the citadel, lo. Tarpeia* promised to do*
this, if they would give her what they wore on their left
arms. ii. But when she had led them into the citadel,
they crushed* her with their shields, which they wore on
their left arms. 12. It is one thing to carry off maidens,
and quite* another to fight with men.

When a battle was fought * by the Romans and the Sabines,
and the Romans "' had been thrown into confusion by the
death of a distinguished man named HostiUus, Romulus
vowed that* he would build® a temple to Jupiter, if the
army ceased *^ to-flee.

Not so very long after, while Romulus was reviewing the
army, a tempest suddenly arose " and he disappeared " from
sight. Julius Proculus asserted under oath ^ that Romulus
told him that if the Romans abstained ^° from quarrels and
gave attention to military affairs, they would be the rulers of
the world.^

III. NUMA POMPILIUS.

I . Numa, who was bom at " Cures, a town ^ of the Sabines,
was summoned to Rome to succeed Romulus. 2. When he
had come from Cures to Rome, he is said to have instituted
many sacred rites. 3. Numa will call Jupiter down from
heaven into the city. 4. When Numa was king,^' a shield is

1 III, IV.

7 V and VI.

12 p. 4, 1. 21.

2 VI, XII.

8 IV.

1» p. 4. 1.24.

8 IV.

9 p. 4. 1. 25.

WXVI.

* p. 3. 1. 23.

10 III and IV.

IS p. 5. 1. 2, and note.

^ p. 4, 1.3.

11 V.

WabLabs.

® p. 3. 1- 27

Translation into Latin 155

said to have fallen from heaven. 5. Numa gave ordfers that
eleven shields of the same form be made, in order that no
one ^ might carry off the one which had fallen from heaven.
6. These shields twelve priests, called Salii, bore through
the city on the first of March. 7. Numa used to say that
he had conversations with the goddess Egeria by-night,^ and
that he did everything which he did * in-accordance-with *
her advice.

Numa Pompilius, the second king of the Romans, was a
man renowned for his justice and his devotion-to-the gods.
He is said to have consecrated an altar to Vesta, and to
have appointed* maidens to^ maintain an eternal fire on
her altar; to have divided the year into twelve months;
and to have built a temple to Janus. When this temple '
was open, it indicated that the state was at war; when
closed, that all the nations round about had been subdued.
After reigning forty-three years, during which he waged no
war, Numa died and was buried on. Mount Janiculum.

IV. TULLUS HOSTILIUS.

I. After Numa's death,® the Romans chose Tullus Hos-
tiHus king. 2. Tullus is said to have been even more war-
like than Romulus. 3. It is reported® that war arose
between the Romans and Albans, in the reign of Tullus.
4. Let us make-an-arrangement ^° with the brothers to fight
for their country with the sword. 5. Where " the victory is,

1 rie quis, « p. 5, 1. 6. * p. 6, 1. 14.

2 Use an adj. «VIII. 9 p. i, 1. la
8 1 1 1 , I V. 7 Use a I el. pron., and M p. 6, 1. 20.
* p. 6, 1. 4. cf. p. 5, 1. 24. 11 p. 6, 1. 22.

156 Exercises for

there let the power be. 6. When two of the Romans had
fallen, one upon the other, the Albans shouted for joy.

7. If I take^ flight, the enemy will follow at intervals.*

8. If the Curiatii do not bear aid to their brother, he will
be killed by the enemy. 9. When Horatius meets* his
sister, he will slay her with his drawn sword. 10. If Hora-
tius had* not appealed to the people, he would have been
condemned. 11. I will take the Caelian mount as the site*
of my palace, in order that it may be more thickly® settled.
12. I believe that the young men will be more healthful in
war than in peace.

When war had arisen between the Romans and Albans in
the reign ^ of TuUus, the leaders resolved* to settle the
matter • by a contest of the Horatii and the Curiatii, with
whom ^^ they made-an-arrangement ^^ to ^ fight for victory and
dominion. When they joined battle, two of the Romans
were killed^ and the three Curiatii were wounded.^ But
when the Albans were shouting for joy, and all hope was-
beginning-to-desert ^* the Romans, the third Horatius, who
was unhurt, killed the three Curiatii. For, thinking that the
Curiatii " would be separated in pursuit (trans, as if would
follow at intervals) y he fled. Then he killed the first before
the second could ^^ help his brother, and afterwards ^^ the
second. When two of the Curiatii had been killed, Horatius,
unhurt and elated by his double victory, slew the third.

uii. «p. 9. 1.3. wviii.

2 p. 7, 1. 10. f abl. abs. M V.

8 III, p. 7, 1. 24. • p. 2, 1. 17. ^* Ejcpress by the tense.

* B. 304; A. 308; H. »r«w. 16 VI.

510. MXIII. Wp.7, 1. 16.

6 p. 9, 1. 3. n p. 6, 1. ao. 17 p. 2, 1. 18.

Translation into Latin 157

When the inhabitants-of-Veii and of-Fidenae had made ^
war on the Romans, and TuUus had asked aid of* Mettius
Fufetius, leader of the Afbans, Mettius* waited - to - see
whether * the Romans would conquer or not,* in order that
he might follow the fortune of war ; but the Roman king
saw^ his treachery and put* him to death.

V. ANGUS MARCIUS.

I. Ancus Marcius is said to have been very like* his
grandfather Numa. 2. In the reign of Ancus, the Romans
will send an ambassador and demand satisfaction of^ the
Latins. 3. Ancus accused the Latins of ^ making* a raid on
the Roman territory. 4. Before he declared • war on the
Latins, Ancus demanded satisfaction of* them. 5. When
the Roman ambassadors had ^ demanded satisfaction of the
Latins, the latter^ made a haughty reply. 6. Let us declare
war on the Latins because they have made a haughty reply
to the envoys. 7. Ancus is said to have joined the Janiculum
to the city by a bridge.

The ambassador went ' to the territory of the Latins and
said * that if the satisfaction which he demanded " were not
given " he would " declare war on ^* the Latins. * Ancus,*
said he,^ * will set out with a large army and destroy many
of your towns, if you do" not give satisfaction.*

1 p. 3, 1. 15. f X, p. 9, 1. 21. 11 III. IV.

2 X, p. 8, 1. 21. 8 p. 2, 1. 4. 12 X, p. 9, 1. 19.
8 VI. 9 p. 9, 1. 19. Cf. p. 7, 1. 16. 18 inquit, XIV.
4 utrum . . . necne, i® Be careful of the tense, i* III.

6 V. Cf. p. 5, 1. 3, and p. 9, 1. 21.

• p. 2, 1. 9.

I S 8 Exercises for

After Ancus had built a prison in the middle * of the city,
had surrounded Rome with a new wall, and had founded a
city at the mouth of the Tiber, which he called Ostia, he
died an untimely death.^

VI. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS.

I. The story goes* that Lucius Tarquinius moved to*
Rome from* Tarquinii in the reign of Ancus. 2. He will
set out for* Rome with his wife and all his fortunes. 3. The
wife of Tarquinius is said to have been skilled in* (the
interpretation of) omens. 4. Let us carry on the govern-
ment as if we had* obtained it lawfully. 5. When Tar-
quinius had ^ conquered the Sabines, he celebrated-a-triumph.
6. Attus is said to have been the most celebrated augur of*
that time. 7. I^t us ask the augur whether he can cut a
whetstone with a razor, or not. 8. If the king had* not cut
the whetstone, he would have changed the names of the
centuries of knights.

Lucius Tarquinius was bom at Tarquinii, a city*® of Etruria.
When he " was moving to Rome, it is said that an eagle took
the cap from Tarquinius's^ head and then replaced it, and
that his wife said that her husband " would be king of the
Romans. Tarquinius entered the city and made himself a
home there. When he had gained the friendship of Ancus,

IXIX.

« Be careful of the

9 See note 4 on p. 156.

2 p. 10, 1. 14.

tense. See note to p. 1 1,

w Cf. p. 10, 1. 15.

« p. 1, 1. 10.

1.3.

UXII.

4 XVI.

7 Sec note 10 on p. 157.

WVI.

6 X, p. 10, 1, ai.

8 X. p. II. L 8.

Translation into Latin 159

and had-been-appointed-by-will^ tutor to the king's children,
he usurped^ the throne.

The two surviving^ sons of Ancus were indignant that they
had been defrauded of their father's* throne. Accordingly*
they ordered two shepherds to kill the king with an axe.
While one of the shepherds was telling* Tarquinius about
their pretended quarrel, the other raised* his axe and
brought* it down on the king's head.

VII. SERVIUS TULLIUS.

I. Although Servius TuUius was the son of a slave, he
became king of the Romans after Tarquinius. 2. On ac-
count of a wonderful prodigy which happened, Tarquinius
was' persuaded to bring up Servius at his house as if ® he
were his own child. 3. Let us seize the standard and send
it against the «neray. 4. If the Romans fight* bravely in
order to recover the standard, they will carry off the victory.
5. When the shepherds had killed Tarquinius, Tanaquil con-
cealed his death. 6. * Do not think,' ^° said " she, ' that the
king has received a fatal wound.' 7. Be obedient* to
Servius TuUius, until the king recovers. 8. Let us join
the three mountains to the city. 9. Do not join^° the high-
spirited daughter of Servius to the violent son of Tarquin-
ius, lest they kill the king. 10. If the son of Tarquinius
had not been urged on^ by TuUia, he would not have recov-
«red the throne of his father.^

1 p. ZI, 1. 2.

* p. II, 1. 14.

»111.

2 Trans, as if it were

s Note the tense.

Cf.

w XVII.

the two sons who sur-

tenet, p. a, 1. ii.

11 See note 13 on p. 157.

nved.'

«V.

12 p. 13. 1. 17.

* p. II, 1. 18.

7 XV.

8 p. II. 1. 3-

18 p. 13, 1. 18.

i6o Exercises for

K\} Ephesus there was a temple of Diana, which had been
built by the states of Asia in common. The Latin peoples^
were persuaded by Servius to build a temple of Diana on
the Aventine Hill, (in common) with the Roman people.
One of the Latins had a cow of wonderful size, and it was
said that if he had offered it up in the new temple, the
Latins would have gained* the supremacy. But while he
was going down to the Tiber, to wash his hands with run-
ning^ water, it was sacrificed by the crafty Roman priest,
who thus gained dominion for his citizens and glory for
himself

Servius TuUius had a daughter who was so cruel that
when Servius* had been killed, she ordered the driver^ to
drive her chariot over her father's* body.

VIII. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS.

I. It is said that Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of the
Romans, was energetic in war. 2. The city of Gabii was
brought into the power of Tarquinius by a clever^ trick of his
son Sextus. 3. When his father was not able to take the
city, Sextus felt badly. 4. Let us flee to Gabii and com-
plain of* the cruelty of the king. 5. Sextus had so much
power with the people-of- Gabii, that they finally^ made
him their leader. 6. Send to Tarquinius and ask^^ what
he wishes you to do. 7. If Sextus had not killed the chief-
men of the state, he could not have handed over the city
to his father. 8. Let us hasten to Rome at full speed to

IXVI.

*P.I3J

.8.

8X.

a XV.

6 VI.

9 p. 14, 1. 8.

«See B. 321, 2:

A.

^ P- 13.

.24.

1» p. 14. 1. 9.

337. b; H. 527. III.

^P-iSJ

.7.

Translation into Latin i6l

surprise the daughters-in-law of the king.^ 9. If Tarquin
returns^ to Rome, the gates of the city will be closed.

Although Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of the Romans,
gained the throne wrongfully, yet he was energetic in war.
The city of Gabii was brought into his power by a clever
trick of his son Sextus. For when his father had besieged
the city for a long time, and was not able to take it, Sextus
felt badly. Therefore he fled to Gabii to complain of
his father's cruelty, and when he had been made general
and killed the chief men of the state, he delivered the city
to Tarquinius. Although Tarquinius made no reply to the
messenger whom Sextus sent, yet his son knew what he
wanted \ for because the father knocked off the heads of
the tallest poppies with his staff, Sextus knew that he wished
that the chief men of the state be put to death one by one.

IX. HORATIUS.

I. Let us come to Rome with an army, to restore Tar-
quin the Proud to his throne. 2. So great terror would not
have seized the Romans, if Porsena had not been so power-
ful. 3. They thought that one^ part of the city would be
safe on account of its walls, another on account of the inter-
position* of the Tiber. 4. Since Horatius has lost one eye
in battle, let us call him by the surname Codes. 5. I will
resist the army of the enemy above, until the bridge is* cut
down.

When Porsena, the king of the Etruscans, had taken the
Janiculum, and great fear had seized the Romans, the city

i p. 14, 1. 22. 2 III, 8 p. 15^ 1. 13. 4 p, i^^ 1, i^

1 62 Exercises for

would have been taken by the enemy, if it had not been for
HoratiuSy who stood alone at the end of the bridge which
joined^ the Janiculum to the city; thus he defended the
bridge until it was cut down. The Etruscans were so amazed
at his boldness, that after the bridge had been cut down he
was able to leap into the river, and swim across to his friends
unharmed.

X. CORIOLANUS.

I. Coriolanus is said to have been bereft of his father, and
to have grown up under the guardianship of his mother.

2. Let us begin our military service while we are young men.

3. If they give Coriolanus as much gold as he can carry, he
will accept nothing except a horse to use in battle. 4. We
will bring grain from Sicily and give it to the people in time
of famine.^ 5. We will send ambassadors to ask Coriolanus
not to lay waste the Roman territory. 6. Marcius is said to
have returned a harsh answer to the ambassadors who were
sent to ask for peace. 7. Let us send priests with fillets, to
defend the city by their prayers. 8. Coriolanus said that
his' mother's prayers had conquered his* anger.

Gains Marcius was a brave patrician, to whom the sur-
name of Coriolanus is said to have been given because he
captured the town of Corioli. In-his-youth he took part in
many battles, and often made his mother happy because he
had been presented with crowns and other prizes. To please
his mother is said to have been his only desire.

Because he was unwilling to sell to the people the grain
which had been imported from Sicily in time of famine

ip. 10,1. 12. ap. 16, 1.16. 8 VII.

Translation into Latin 163

except^ at a high price, he was condemned to death by
them. But he fled to the Volscians, by whom his valor was
highly esteemed; for they made him their leader. Then
Coriolanus led the Volscians against Rome, and would have
taken the city, had not his mother and his wife persuaded
him by their prayers to lead the army away. Some* say
that he was put to death by the Volscians, others* that he
lived among them for many years.

XI. PYRRHUS.

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who claimed- to-be-descended *
from Achilles, was summoned* into Italy by the people-
of-Tarentum, on whom the Romans had declared* war.
Although he defeated the Romans in the first battle, yet he
lost the flower * of his army, and said to his friends after the
battle that if he should gain ^ another such battle he would-
have-to-retum * to Epirus alone. With Pyrrhus came Cineas,
a man of great eloquence, who tried to persuade the Romans
to make peace, but they replied that they would not make
peace until Pyrrhus departed ^ from Italy.

Appius Claudius, though he was blind and old, had great
influence with * the Romans. For when Cineas wished to
persuade them to make peace, and the senate seemed to
incline towards making a treaty, Appius was carried ^° into
the senate house " and persuaded ^® them to reply to Pyrrhus,
that he must * leave Italy if he wished ' to have peace with
the Romans.

1 nisi.

« p. 17, 1. 13.

-p. 14 J

1.8.

2 See note 3 on p. 161.

« p. i8, 1. la

10 V.

8 p. 17. 1. 15.

7 III, IV.

"p. 13.]

1. 19.

4 p. s, 1. 2, or p. 8, 1. 21.

8 IV, XX.

164 Exercises for

Pyrrhus seems to have been of a merciful disposition ^ \
for although the people of Tarentum said that they had
spoken disrespectfully^ of^ the king when they were heated
with' wine, he did not condemti them, because he thought
it was the fault of the wine rather than of the men.

XII. FABRICIUS.

Gains Fabricius was a good man and distinguished in war,
but very poor. It is said that Pyrrhus could neither bribe
him with gold nor terrify him ; and that although the king
secretly offered him the fourth part of his kingdom, if he
would consent* to live with him, Fabricius* could not be
persuaded to desert the Roman cause. But on the other
hand Pyrrhus's physician could not induce Fabricius to
promise him a reward in case he should kill ^ the king.^

When Fabricius heard that there was a man * at Athens
who said that everything which was done ought to be referred
to pleasure, he is said to have wished that his enemies * might
be persuaded of that, in order that they might be the more
easily conquered.

Although Fabricius despised ® money himself and could
not be turned from (the path of) integrity ^^ by the offer" of
gold, yet when a dangerous war was-imminent,^^ he advo-
cated ^^ the election of Rufinus, an avaricious man, as con-
sul, because (as he said) " he preferred to be robbed rather
than to be sold.

1 p. 18, 1. 22.

6 IV.

11 Cf. p. 3, 1. 14.

2 p. 18, 1. 28.

7 VI.

12 p. 22, 1. 7.

«x.

8 p. 21,

.19.

18 p. 22, 1. 8.

* void, IV.

9 p. 22,

1.5.

14 XVIII.

6 XV.

10 p. 21,

I. 16.

Translation into Latin 165

If Fabricius had not spent his whole life in noble poverty,
the senate would not have given his daughters a dowry from
the public treasury.

XIII. CURIUS.

Manius Curius was very^ like Fabricius; for he waged
war with the Samnites and with Pyrrhus, he passed his whole
life in poverty, and he contemptuously-refused^ a large
amount^ of gold which the Samnites offered him. Yet*
Curius was accused of embezzlement* in the war which he
waged with the Samnites \ but he swore that he had been
content * with a wooden bowl, which he used for sacrificial
offerings.

When Curius had summoned the young men, in order to
lead them against Pyrrhus, he sold the property of those
who did not answer to their names, and it is said that the
tribunes of the people were not able to help ^ them.

Curius would have been made consul a second time, to
carry on war with Pyrrhus, had not the king died an igno-
minious ^ death in ® Argos ; for he was killed with ^° a tile
which was thrown from the roof of a house by a woman.

XIV. REGULUS.

When Regulus had defeated the Carthaginians in many
battles, he crossed from Sicily to Africa, and encamped ^^ at
Clypea. He defeated the armies of the enemy and made-
raids-on ^ their fields, and compelled them to send an ambas-

1 p. 2, 1. 9.

6 p. 23, ]

1.4.

9 XVI.

2 p. 20, 1. 19.

« p. 23. 1

L17.

WX.

« p. 23. 1- 9.

^ p. 23. 1

.26.

11 p. 25, 1. II.

^ tamen.

8 p. 2?2, ]

1.28.

12 p. 2. 1.4

1 66 Exercises for

sador to the Lacedaemonians, to ask them for help.^ The
Lacedaemonians are said to have sent them Xanthippus» a
very skilful leader, who defeated and captured Regulus.
Then the Carthaginians sent Regulus to Rome (to see)
about an exchange* of prisoners, after he had sworn to*
return to Carthage if he did* not accomplish-his-purpose.*
When he came to Rome, Regulus advised the Romans not
to exchange prisoners, and although his relatives and friends
tried to detain him, he returned to Carthage, where he is
said to have suffered • a most cruel death.

Luxury seems ^ to have been foreign* to the life of
Regulus. When he was in Africa, his slave ran away, taking
with him his farming tools.* When Regulus heard this, and
at the same time that his command had been extended to .
the next year, he was compelled ^ to ask the senate to send
some one to Africa to succeed him, so that he might go
home and cultivate his farm himself. He said that if he did
not do this, he should not have the-means-of ^^ supporting his
wife and children.

XV. FABIUS MAXIMUS.

When Hannibal had captured Saguntum, the Romans sent
ambassadors to Carthage to ask that he be given up to
them. When the envoys had arrived at Carthage, and the
Carthaginians gave-evasive-answers,^ Quintus Fabius, who
was one of ^ the ambassadors, is said to have made a fold in

1 p. 26, 1. 8. « p. 26, L 15. M p. 26, 1. 6.

2 p. 26, 1. 14. • p. 26, 1. 26. 11 p. 26, 1. I.

8 See note to p. 26, 1. 14. ^ p. 22, 1. 7. 1^ p. 27, 1. 14.

* III, IV. 8 p. 21, 1. 24. M p. 7, 1. 25.

» p. 25. 1. 28.

Translation into Latin 167

his toga, and to have told them that he brought them war
and peace ; that they might ^ take whichever they wished.

When the Carthaginians had taken war, Hannibal who
(when) a boy had sworn eternal hatred against the Romans,
crossed the Alps with a great army. Coming^ into Italy,
he defeated the Romans with great slaughter at the Trebia
river and at Lake Trasumenus. Then Quintus Fabius was
made dictator. He changed the plan of campaign,^ for he
did not join battle with Hannibal, but tried to wear out * the
Carthaginian* by delay. Once he nearly destroyed Hanni-
baPs * whole army, which he had shut in a narrow pass.

Minucius, the master of horse, to whom Fabius's delay
was not agreeable, accused him of ^ prolonging the war, and
induced the people to make his rank equaF to that of
Fabius. When this had been done, Minucius joined battle
rashly with Hannibal, anci would have been conquered had
not Fabius come to his rescue.®

After this about a dozen * young nobles of Tarentum made
a conspiracy, in order that Hannibal might get possession
of the city. They used to go out of the city under the
pretence ^ of hunting, and when this had become such a
regular custom ^^ that the gate of the city was opened at
whatever time of night ^ they gave a signal by whistling,
they admitted Hannibal with ten thousand soldiers. But
Fabius retook the city with equal ^ skill.

Fabius in-his-old-age " saw Hannibal driven from Italy,

ixx.

• p. 2, 1. 4.

u p. 29, 1

. 22.

2 11.

7 p. 29, 1. 2.

12 p. 29.1

.23.

» p. a8. 1. 1.

8 p. 29, 1. 5.

«p. 30.1

.19.

* p. 27, 1. as.

9 See note to p. 29, 1

I.14.

1* p. 30,1

.25.

«VI.

w p. 29. 1. 15.

1 68 Exercises for

and knew that he had saved ^ the Roman state by not fighting
at a time ^ when HannibaPs forces could not be conquered.
He was worthy of the surname Maximus.

XVI. PAULUS AND VARRO.

The Romans are said to have been defeated by Hannibal
at Cannae on account of the rashness' of C. Terentius
Varro; for his colleague, Aemilius Paulus, preferred* delay
and did not wish to fight Paulus was killed in the battle,
although he might have fled on* a horse which one of* the
tribunes of the soldiers wished to give him. Varro, who
was the cause of the disaster, escaped to Venusia.

The Romans thought that if Hannibal had proceeded at
once to Rome, he would ^ have taken the city. Maharbal,
indeed, who commanded the Carthaginian cavalry, said that
if Hannibal would send him on to Rome the Carthaginian
leader* might* banquet in the Capitol within five days ; and
when Hannibal* refused, Maharbal* told his general* that
he did not know how to use a victory. Hannibal, however,
went to Capua, which was his Cannae, for the ardor of the
Carthaginian soldiers was weakened by the pleasures of the
Campanian^ city.

Although the Romans had never suffered " so great a disas-
ter as this defeat, they did not ask^ Hannibal for peace, and
did not wish to ransom the prisoners which Hannibal had
taken. When ten of the prisoners had been sent to Rome,

1 p. 31, 1. 10. 8 X. » XX.

8 turn, • See note 13 on p. 166. 1* p. 45, 1. ao.

* p. 33, 1. 3. ^ See note 3 on p. 160. 11 p. 3a, 1. 27.

* p. 31, 1. 13. 8 VI. w p. 26, 1. 8.

Translation into Latin 169

after taking^ an oath that they would return if they did not
accomplish-their-purpose,^ one of them thought he would
free himself from his oath if he should return to the camp,
as if he had forgotten something. He would not have
returned to Hannibal had not the Romans bound him and
sent him back.

XVII. SCIPIO AFRICANUS.

It is said that Publius Scipio (when still) a boy saved his
father in the battle which was fought against Hannibal at
the Ticinus river. For his father* was just on-the-point-of-
falling* into the hands of the Carthaginians, when Scipio
interposed.*

Afterwards when Scipio was-a-candidate-for* the aedileship,
and the tribunes had opposed him because he was not yet
of the legal age, he said that if all the citizens wished to
make him aedile, he was old enough.

After the defeat at-Cannae^ the chief command of the
soldiers who had fled to Canusium was given* him by com-
mon consent. Then he compelled^ the young nobles who
wished to leave Italy to swear that they would not desert
their country.

When he was only twenty-four years old the people chose ^^
him proconsul and sent him to Spain, where the Romans
had just suffered " two severe defeats. There he captured
New Carthage on the day of his arrival,^ and won-the-favor-

1 p. 26. L 14. 5 B. 288, 2 ; A. 325, b. 9 p. 26, 1. 6.

2 p. 26, 1. 15. « p. 34, 1. 7. w p. 9, 1. 14.
8 VI. 7 p. 34, 1. 13, and the note. ^ p. 35, 1. 5.

* p. 34, 1. 4. 8 p. 34, 1. 17. W p. 35, 1. 24,

1 70 Exercises for

of* the Celtiberians by his justice and kindness. He
became so agreeable* to the Spaniards that they wished to
call him king, but he said that he considered the title of
imperator greater, which had been given him by his soldiers.
When Scipio had recovered Spain, he crossed into Africa.
At Zama he defeated Hannibal, who had been recalled from
Italy, and won' peace on land and sea. He was the first
Roman to be^ honored with the name of the nation he had
conquered, being called Africanus.

Hannibal, after he had been defeated by Scipio, fled to
Antiochus, king of Syria, whom he persuaded to become an
enemy of the Romans. Publius Scipio's brother Lucius was
sent against Antiochus, Publius promising* to go as his lieu-
tenant. When the brothers returned to Rome, the tribunes
of the people demanded an account of the booty, but Pub-
lius Scipio said that there was no reason why^ the senate
should inquire whether he had put a small sum of money
into the treasury, when he had filled it with Carthaginian
gold. Finally, to escape the attacks of-the-tribunes,' he
went to his villa at Litemum,^ and never returned to the
city.

XVIII. THE GRACCHI,

Tiberius and Gains Gracchus were the sons of Cornelia,
the daughter of Scipio Africanus. Their mother is said to
have given them an excellent education, since she consid-
ered well-educated children a nation's best jewels. When

1 p. 36, 1. 9.

* p. 41, 1.6.

7p. 44, 1.24.

2 p. 28, 1. 25.

«II.

«p. 44.1.36.

» p. 41. L I.

• p. 43, 1. 26.

Translation into Latin 171

Tiberius Gracchus had been elected tribune of the people,
he wished to divide land among ^ the common people, and
to fill the provinces with new colonies. When he wished to
be elected tribune a second time,^ he was accused by the
nobles of* wishing to make himself king, and was slain. If
he had not wished to aid * the common people, he would
not have died * an untimely death.

Gains Gracchus, after obtaining the tribuneship, wished
to aid the common people, and to give Roman citizenship
to all the Italians. He too was accused of* being a danger-
ous* citizen, and the senate made the consul dictator in
these words : ' Let the consul see to it that the common-
wealth suffer no harm.' When this had been done, Gracchus
was attacked by the nobles ; and when he saw that he would
be taken, he ordered his slave to kill him. The nobles said
that Gains Gracchus wished to avenge his brother's death,
and to make himself king.

XIX. MARIUS.

Gains Marius was bom at Arpinum in a humble position.
When the younger Scipio was waging war against the Span-
iards, Marius began his military life,^ and showed great valor
and enthusiasm.* Then he himself waged war successfully '
against Jugurtha, being ^ chosen consul in place of Metellus,
whom he had accused of prolonging the war. Jugurtha
was defeated and captured, and being ^ taken to Rome, was
at last put to death in prison.

1 X. p. 46. 1.

5.

* p. 46, 1, ao. C£ p. 22,

« p. 48, 1. 20,

«p. 24. 1.8.

1.38.

• p. 49. 1. 6.

«p. a, 1.4.

• p. 33, 1. 16.

MIL

* p. «9. 1.5.

'p. 16,1.3; p. 48.1x7.

172 Exercises for

A few years after this a great danger threatened ^ Rome.
The Cimbri and Teutones, after defeating the Romans in
many battles, were hastening* against the city. And it
would have been all over ^ with the city, if it had not been *
for Marius, who defeated them in two battles and utterly
destroyed them.

If Marius had died after defeating the Cimbri, he would
not have been * the cause of a civil war. He wished to be
sent instead of* Sulla against Mithridates, the king of Pontus,
but Sulla came to Rome with an army and took possession
of the city. Marius fled, but was captured and would have
been killed, had not the slave * they had ordered to kill him
feared the old man. At last, after being driven from the
ruins of Carthage, to which he had fled, Marius heard that
Sulla had set out against Mithridates. Then he returned to
the city and slew all the distinguished ' men of the opposite
faction. But when he had been made consul for-the-seventh-
time ® he died, to * the great joy of everybody.

XX. SULLA.

L. Cornelius Sulla, before he became-a-candidate-for**^ the
quaestorship, had spent ^^ his life in wantonness. But when
he had been sent with Gaius Marius against Jugurtha, he
showed ability'^ worthy^ of the deeds which he afterwards
did. In the war with-the-Cirabri " he did good service " as
Marius's lieutenant. Afterwards when Mithridates had in-

1 p. 22, 1. 7. «XL M p. 34, 1. 7.

2 p, 32, 1. 16. 7 p. 53^ 1. 4. Up. 56, 1. 10.

* p. 49, 1. 29 ; p. 50, 1. I. 8 septimum, 12 p, ^ 1, iq.

* p. 51, 1. 25. 8 For the constr., see 18 p. ^s, 1. 25.
^pro. p. 53, 1. 13, and the note. 1* p. 54, 1. 11.

Translation into Latin 173

vaded Asia, Sulla would have utterly-defeated^ him, if he
had not wished to return to Rome, to carry on war with
Marius, and preferred to make peace on any-terms.^ He
defeated the partisans of Marius (trans, as if those who
favored Marius^ and taking^ possession of the city, massa-
cred many thousands of the opposite faction. Then he made
himself dictator. But when he had restored* the senate to
power, he is said to have resigned* the dictatorship, and to
have retired to his villa in-the-country,® where he died a few
years afterwards.

ip. 54, 1.21, 8 11. 6p. 55, 1.25.

2 p. 54, 1. 22. * p. 2, 1. 13. « Use an adj.

VOCABULARYo

ABBREVIATIONS.

a.

= active ; with verbs, active

indef.

= indefinite.

or transitive.

indie.

— indicative.

abl.

= ablative.

inf.

= infinitive.

abs.

= absolute.

intens.

— intensive.

ace.

= accusative.

inter.

= interrogative.

adj.

= adjective.

interj.

— interjection.

adv.

= adverb f adverbial.

irr.

= irregular.

causat.

= causative.

lit.

= literally.

chap.

= chapter.

m.

= masculine.

coll.

= collective^ collectively.

n.

= neuter; with verbs, neu>-

comp.

— comparative.

ter or intransitive.

conj.

= conjunction.

nom.

= nominative.

dat.

= dative.

num.

= numeral.

decl.

= declension.

p., pp.

= pog'^ pag".

def.

— defective.

part.

= participle.

dem.

= demonstrative.

pass.

= passive.

dep.

(in vocabulary) = depo-

pers.

= person, personal.

nent.

pf.

— perfect.

desid.

= desiderative-

pi.

= plural.

dim.

= diminutive.

plup.

— pluperfect.

eg.

= exempli gratia = for ex-

pos.

= positive.

ample.

pred.

= predicate.

Eng.

= English.

prep.

= preposition.

etc.

= et cetera = and so forth.

pres.

— present.

excl.

— exclamation.

pron.

= pronoun, pronominal.

f.

■= feminine.

reflex.

= reflexive.

fol.

= following, and what fol-

rel.

= relative.

lows.

semi-dep. = semi-deponent.

freq.

= frequentative.

sing.

= singular.

fut.

= future.

subj.

= subjunctive.

gen.

= genitive.

subst.

— substantive.

i.e.

= id est = that is.

sup.

= superlative.

imp.

= imperative.

trans.

— transitive.

impers

. = impersonal, imperson-

V.

— verb.

ally.

voc.

— vocative.

impf.

= imperfect.

I, 2, 3,

4 with verbs = 1st, 2d, 3d,

inch.

— inchoative.

or 4th conjugation.

indecl.

— indeclinable.

Note. — In the definitions of proper names the quantity is marked in a few
cases, to suggest the correct accent. In translating proper names it is recommended
that the English pronunciation he used in all cases.

In abicio, subicio, etc., the actual pronunciation was probably abiicio, sudiicto.
At any rate, the first syllable was in some way long.
2

VOCABULARY.

A., with proper names = Aulas,
a Roman praendmen, or fore-
name.

a, ab, and aba, [cf. Eng. of, off],
prep, with abl., originally imply-
ing separation,/rtf/«, away from,
out of; of place or direction,
from, out of, at, on; of time,
from, since, after; of agency,
by ; of source, from, through,
especially with verbs and adjec-
tives signifying hoping, fearing,
and expecting.

abaliSno, -are, -avi, -atnm, i, a.,
convey away, remove ; estrange,
make hostile.

abdituB, -a, -am, [part, of abd5],
adj., concealed, hidden.

abd5, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ab +
do], 3, a., put away, remove;
conceal, hide.

abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum,
[ab + duco], 3, a., lead off, lead
away.

abeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , fut. part.
abiturus, [ab -|- eo], irr., n., go
away, depart.

abicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [ab
+ iacio], 3, a., throw away,
throw down, throw; give up, lay
aside.

abluo, -Inere, -Ini, -latum, [ab

4- luo], 3, a., wash away; wash,

bathe, purify.
abnuo, -nuere, -nui, fut. part.

-nniturus, [ab -f nuo], 3, a.,

nod away, express dissent by a

sign, refuse.
abripio, -ripere, -ripni, -reptum,

[ab 4- rapio], 3, a., take forcibly

away, tear away ; drag away,

hurry off.
abrogd, -are, -avi, -atum, [ab

-f rogo], I, a., of a law, repeal,

annul, magistratum alicui ab-

rogare, to remove from office,

to depose.
ab8c6d5, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum,

[abs 4- cedo], 3, n., go away,

depart, withdraw.
abscldd, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum,

[abs 4- caedo], 3, a., hew off,

cut off.
abaSna, -entis, [part, of absum],

adj., absent y away.
abaiatd, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ab

4- sisto], 3, n., withdraw from,

depart; cease, desist.
abaolvd, -ere, absolvi, absolii-

tum, [ab 4- solvo], 3, a., sei

free, release; acquit, declart

innocent.

ABSORBEO

ACTIACUS

absorbed, -aorbere, -sorboi or
-florpfli, -sorptiim, [ab + sorbed j ,
2, a., swallow down^ swallow.

abfltiiieiitia, -ae, [abstinenB^part
of abstined], f. , abstinence, self-
restraint, integrity.

abfltined, -tinere, -tinai, -tentum,
[abs + ieneo], 2, a. and n., keep
back, hold off; refrain from, ab-
stain, absent oneself.

abfltull, see auferd.

abfliim, abesse, afm, fat part,
afutonu, [ab + snm], irr., n.,
be away, be absent, be distant, be
far from.

absflmd,-ere, absaiiip8i,ab8amp-
tmn, [ab + samo], 3, a., take
away, use up, destroy, consume.

ac, see atque.

Acca, -ae, i., Acca^ forename of
Acca Larentia, the foster-mother
of Romulus and Remus.

acc8d5, -ere, -cessi, -cessonu,
[ad + cedo], 3, n. and 2.., go to,
come to, approach; assent, ap-
prove; enter upon, undertake;
be added.

accendS, -ere, accendi, accen-
Bum, [ad + unused candd], 3,
a., set fire to; inflame, arouse,
excite.

accid5, -cidere, -cidi, — , [ad +
cado], 3, n.,fall upon; come to
pass, happen, befall.

accing5, -ere, accinxi, accinc-
tum, [ad + cingo], 3, a., gird
on, bind on, gird.

accid, -cire, -civi, -citam, [ad +
cio, put in motion^ 4, a., call,
summon, send for.

accipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptnin,

[ad + capio], 3, a., take to one-
self, receive, accept; welcome;

take in, hear, learn, understand.
accommodd, -are, -avi, -atom,

[ad -i- (fommodo, from commo-

dns], I, 9i., fit to, accommodate to.
accmnbo, -cnmbere, -cubni,

-cnbitam, [ad -|- combo] , 3, n.,

lie down, recline at table.
accmrd, -cnrrere, -cucnrri or

-curri, -corsiim, [ad -|- carr5],

3, n., run to, hasten to.
accflsfttid, -onis, [accoso], f.,

accusation.
accilsator, -5ris, [accusd], m.,

accuser, prosecutor, plaintiff.
accusd, -are, -avi, -atnm, [ad,

causa], I, a., accuse, blame.
SLcer, acris, acre, comp. acrior,

sup. acerrimus, adj., sharp,

piercing; bitter ; eager, fierce,

vigorous.
acerbS, comp. acerbias, sup.

acerbissime, [acerbus], adv.,

bitterly, cruelly, severely.
acerbus, -a, -um, [cf. acer], adj.,

sharp to the taste, bitter ; severe,

harsh, cruel.
acStum, -i, [cf. acer], n., vinegar.
AcbillSs, -is, m., Achilles, chief

hero of the Greeks in the Trojan

War.
aciSs, -ei, f., sharp eclge, sharp

point; line of battle.
Scriter, comp. acrias, sup. acer-

rime, [acer], adv., sharply,
fiercely, energetically.
Actiacus, -a, -urn, adj., of Ac-

tium, at Actium.

ACTIUM

ADIUVO

Actium, -i, n., AcHum, a promon-
tory and town of Epirus on the
Ambracian Gulf, celebrated for
the naval victory of Octavianus
over Antony and Cleopatra, in
31 B.C.

ad, prep, with ace, to ; of motion
and direction, to^ towards; of
place, tf/, near ; of time, /tV/,
until ; of purpose, ^r, in order
to ; of other relations, according
to ; almost^ about.

addico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum,
[ad + died], 3, a. and n., give
assent^ be favorable.

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ad +
do] , 3, a., put to, add.

addficd, -ere, adduxi, addnc-
tum, [ad + duco], 3, a., lead to,
bring to ; influence, induce.

adeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, [ad
+ e6],irr., n., go to, approach;
enter on, take possession of.

adeo, [ad + eo], adv., to this, so
far; so, so much, so very ; even,
indeed.

adeqiiitd, -are, -avi, — , [ad +
equito], i, n., ride to, ride up.

adiero, adferre, attuli, adlatum,
[ad + fero], irr., a., bring to ;
announce, report; give, vim
adferre, to offer violence, to do
violence.

adflcio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[ad + facio], 3, a., do something
to, affect; visit with, afflict.

adfinis, -e, [ad + finis], adj., bor-
dering on, related to ; as subst.,
adfinis, -is, m. and f., relation
by marriage.

adfiumo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad -f-
firmo], I, 2i., strengthen ; assert
positively, declare.

adfULtUB, -us, [adflo], m., a blow-
ing on, blasts breath; effluvia.

adIlictuB, -a, -um, [part, of ad-
fligo], adj., cast down ; pitiful,
wretched, shattered.

adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictum,
3, a., dash at, overthrow; afflict,
damage ; suhdue, defeat.

adfi5, -are, -a^a, -atum, [ad+flo],
I, a., breathe upon, blow towards.

adhibed, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad -J-
habeo], 2, a., hold to, apply ;
furnish, bestow ; turn to for coun-
sel, consult; summon, invite.

adbortSLti5, -onis, [adhortor],
f., exhortation, encouragement.

adicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [ad
-f iaci6],.3, a., throw to; add
to, join to.

adigo, -igere, -egi, -actum, [ad
+ ago], 3, a., drive, urge; com-
pel.

adipiBCor, -ipisci, -eptus sum,
[ad -f apTscor], 3, dep., a., ar-
rive at; obtain by effort, get,
acquire.

aditUB, -lis, [adeo], m., approach,
access.

adiumentum, -i, [for adiuva-
mentum from adiuvo], n., help,
aid, support.

adiungo, -ere, adiunxi, adiunc-
tum, [ad-i-iung5], 3, 2.., join
to, add to.

adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, [ad
4- iuvo], I, a., help, aid, sup-
port.

ADLICIO

ADSUMO

adlici5, -licere, -lexi, -lectum,
[ad + lacio], 3, a., entice^ attract^
win (Tver.

adlig5, -are, -avi, -atom, [ad +
ligo], I, a., bind to y bind fast.

adloquor, -loqui, -locatus sum,
[ad + loquor], 3, dep., a., speak
to, address.

adminlatr5, -are, -avi, -atom,
[ad 4- ministro], i, a., manage,
regulate, direct, govern,

adnuranduB, -a, -urn, [part, of
admiror], adj., to be wondered
at, wonderful, strange,

adniirSLtid, -5nis, [admiror], f.,
wonder, admiration ; surprise.

admlr&tor, -5ris, [admiror], m.,
admirer.

admiror, -ari, -atus sum, [ad
-f miror], i, dep., a., wonder
at, admire ; be astonished at.

admitto, -ere, admisi, admifi-
sum, [ad 4- mitto], 3, a., send
to, let go ; admit, receive ; per-
mit ; commit.

admodum, [ad + modnm], adv.,
to the limit, quite, very.

admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ad
-f moneo], 2, a., remind, ad-
monish, warn.

admoved, -ere, admdvi, admo-
tum, [ad -I- moved], 2, a., move
towards, bring up, bring near,
apply.

adnuo, -nnere, -nui, — , [ad -f
nuo], 3, n., express assent by a
nod, assent; indicate, express
willingness,

adolescd, -olescere, -olevi, ad-
ultum, 3, n., groiv up.

adoperi5, -operire, -operoi,

-opertum, [ad -^ aperio], 4,

a., cover, veil.
adopts, -are, -avi, -atom, [ad

■\- optd], I, a., choose ; adopt.
adorno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad +

drno], I, a., promde, furnish,

equip ; decorate, adorn,
ador5, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad -f

oro], I, a., adore, venerate,
adquiro, -ere, adqnisivi, adqui-

situm, [ad + qaaerd], 3, a.,

get in addition ; acquire, gain.
adripio, -ripere, -ripiu, -repttim,

[ad -f rapio], 3, a., snatch, seize.
adacribo, -scribere, -scripsi,

-script um, [ad + scribo], 3, a.,

add ; enrol, appoint.
adsentatio, -onis, [adsentor,

flatter'], i., flattery, adulation.
adsequor, -sequi, -secutas sum,

[ad ■\- sequor], 3, dep., a., fol-

low up, overtake: reach, attain.
adsided, -ere, -sedi, — , 2, n., sit

by; besiege. ^down.

adaid5, -ere, -sedi, — , 3, n., sit
adsigno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad -f

signd], I, a., mark out; allot,

assign, award.
adapicid, -ere, adspexi, adspec-

tum, [ad + specio], 3, a., look

at, observe, examine.
adsuefacio, -ere, -feci, adsuefac-

tum, [aS^ijgtus -f facio] , 3, a.,

accustom, i
adaum, -esse, -fui^^^gd -f sum],

irr. n., be present, <
adsumo, -sumere, '5tompsi,

-sumptum, [ad + sumo]N(

take to oneself, receive.

ADSURGO

AEGROTO

adsurgo, -ere, adsurrexi, adsnr-
rectum, [ad + surgd], 3, n.,
rise up, stand up.

adulSscSns, -entis, [part, ofado-
lesc5], ^di]., young. Assubst., m.
and f., a youth,

adalSscentia, -ae, [adnlescens],
f., youth.

adiilor, -ari, -atas sum, i, dep.,
^JL., flatter.

adiiltus, -a, -urn, [part, of ado-
lesco], 2.^]. t grown up, adult.

adveh5, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum,
[ad 4- veho], 3, a., carry to,
bring to, bring,

advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
[ad 4- venio], 4, come to, arrive.

advento, -are, — , — , [intens. of
advenio], i,*a., advance, press
forward, approach.

adventuB, -us, [cf. advenid], m.,
coming, approach, arrival.

adverBftrius, -a, -urn, [adver-
ser], 2.^y, opposed, opposite; has-
tile. As subst., m., opponent.

adverBor, -ari, -atus sum, [ad-
versus], i, dep., a., resist, with-
stand, oppose.

adversus, -a,-um,[part. of adver-
ts], adj., turned toward, oppo-
site j in front, facing; unfavorable.

adveiBUB and adverBum, [ad-
vert©], prep, with ace, opposite
to^ against.

advocftti5, -onis, [advoco], f.,
summoning as counsel, venire
in advocatidnem, to act as an
advocate.

advocSLtas, -i, [advoco], m., one
called to aid, adviser, advocate.

advoc5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [ad -H
voco], I, a., caU to aid, sum-
mon.

aedSB, see aedis.

aediiicium, -i, [aedifLcd], n.,
building; house.

aedificd, -are, -avi, -atum,
[aedis, cf. facio], i, a., build,
construct.

aedilis, -is, [aedis], m., aedile,
commissioner of public works,
the designation of certain magis-
trates at Rome, who had charge
of buildings and public works,
had an oversight of public exhi-
bitions and dramatic perform-
ances, and were entrusted with
the keeping of the decrees of the
Senate and other public docu-
ments.

aedilitfiB, -atis, [aedilis], f.,
aedileship, office of aedile.

aedis or aedeB, -is, f., temple;
pi. house, dwelling.

aedituus, -i, [aedis, cf. tueor],
m., custodian of a temple, temple-
keeper.

aeger, -gra, -gram, adj., unwell,
sick, feeble.

aegrS, comp. aegrius, sup. a,eger-
rime, [aeger], adv., painfully ;
with difficulty, scarcely; reluc-
tantly, aliqnid aegre ferre,
to feel distress, to be vexed at
anything.

aegxitudo, -inis, [aeger], f.,
sickness; grief, dissatisfaction,
vexation.

aegrdtd, -are, -a/i, — , [cf.
aeger], i, n., be ill, lie sick.

AEGYPTUS

AGO

AegyptUB, -1, f., Egypt^ a country
in northeastern Africa, about the
lower course of the Nile.

AemUiuB, -i, m., gentile name of
L. Aemilius Paulus ; see p. 31
and note to p. 31, 1. 13.

aemul&tl5, -onis, [aemulor], f,
rivalry^ emulation^ competition,

aequftlis, -e, [aequus], adj., equal.
As subst., aeqaalis, -is, m., com-
panion of equal age, comrade^
contemporary.

aequS, [aeqans], adv., equally,
in a like manner, aeqne ac or
atque, as . . . as, as much as.

aequiULs, -atis, [aeqnns], f.,
evenness ; equity , fairness.

aequ5, -are, -avi, -atum, [ae-
quus], I, a., make equal, place
on an equality ; compare.

aequus, -a, -mn, adj., even ; equal,
fair ; calm, patient, favorable.

aerarium, -i, [aes], n., treasury,
state- treasury ; public money.

aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze;
money, aes alienum, debt.

aeBtim5, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
determine the value of; estimate,
value.

aestivuB, -a, -am, [aestas], adj.,
of summer, summer-like, sum-
mer.

aetfts, -atis, [for aevitas, from
aevum], f., life, age, time of life,
time.

aetemuB, -a, -am, [for aeviter-
nas from aevum], adj., eternal.
As subst., aeternam, -i, n., in
the adverbial accusative, for-
ever^ eternally.

Afer, Afra, Afram, adj., African.
As subst., Afer, Afri, m., an

_ African.

Africa, -ae, f., Africa, at first re-
ferring only to the dominions of
the Carthaginians; afterwards to
the Roman province of Africa,

_ then to whole continent.

Afric&nuB, -a, -am, adj., African.
As subst., m., surname oiPublius
Cornelius Sclpio Africanus, the
conqueror of Hannibal. See
note to p. 34, 1. I.

agelluB, -i, [dim. of ager], m.,
little field, small estate,

ager, agri, [cf. Eng. acre], m.,
field, farm, estate; territory, land;
the country.

agger, -eris, [ad, cf. gero], m.,
mass, bank, mound, dam.

aggredior, -gredi, -gressas sam,
[ad -I- gradior], 3, dep., a., ap-
proach; attack; attempt.

agitd, -are, -avi, -atam, [freq. of
ag5], I, a., set in violent motion ;
rouse, excite; consider, medi-
tate.

agmen, -inis, [ag5], n., troop,
crowd; army on the march,
marching column.

agn5Bc5, -noscere, -n5vi, -nitam,
[ad + gnosco], 3, a., recognize,
acknowledge.

ag5, agere, egi, actam, 3, a.,
put in motion, drive, lead; act,
do, manqge ; treat, deal, confer,
arrange, vitam Kgeite, to pass
one's life, actum est de, it was
all over with, gratias agere,
see gratia.

AGRESTIS

ALIUS

agrestis, -e, [ager], adj., of the
fields or country ^ rural; rough,
uncultivated, rude.

515, pres. ind. aid, a'is, ait, aiunt,
impf. aiebam, 3, def., n., say
yes; assert^ say, tell.

alacer, -cris, -ere, adj., lively,
quick; eager, excited.

alacritfts, -atis, [alacer], f., live-
liness, eagerness, alacrity.

Alb&nuB, -a, -um, adj., of Alba,
pertaining to Alba. As subst.,
Albani, -drum, m., pi, inhabit-
ants of Alba.

albuB, -a, -nm, adj., white. As
subst., Alba, -ae, f., Alba or
Alba Longa^ 'the long white
city,' an ancient town in Latium,
fifteen miles southeast of Rome.

Slea, -ae, f., game of dice; by
metonomy, chance, hazard, risk,
venture.

Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander,
in this book referring to Alex-
ander III., surnamed the Great,
king of Macedonia from 336 to
323 B.C. For Hannibal's esti-
mate of Alexander, see p. 42,
1.8.

Alexandria, -ae, f, Alexandria,
a city in Egypt, at the mouth of
the Nile, founded by Alexander
the Great.

alifts, [alius], adv., at another
time; in other respects, otherwise.

alibi, adv., elsewhere, in another
place.

aliSn5, -are, -avi, -atnrn, [alie-
nus], I, a., make strange ; alien-
ate, estrange.

aliSnuB, -a, -am, [alius], adj.,
of another, another's ; foreign^
strange.

alimentum, -i, [al5], n., nour-
ishment ; in pi. , food, provisions.

aliquamdiu, [aliqnam -f diii],
di6y.,for a while, for some time.

aliquand5, [alius + quando],
adv., at some time or other,
once ; at length, at last.

aliquant5, [aliquantus], adv.,
by some little, somewhat, rather,

aliquantom, -1, [aliqaantiis],n.,
a little, a considerable amount,
something.

aliquantum, [aliquantus], adv.,
somewhat, in some degree, con-
siderably.

aliquantus, -a, -Hm, [alius,
quantus], adj., some, consider-
abU.

aliqul, aliqua, aliquod, [alius,
qui], indef. pron. adj., some,
any, some one or other.

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, nom.
and ace. pi. n. aliqua, [alius,
quis], indef. pron., some one^
some one or other ; pi., some, any.
As subst., aliquid, n., something,
anyt/ting.

aliquot, [alius, quot], indef.
num. adj., indecl., some, several.

aliquotiSUB, [aliquot], adv., sev-
eral times.

aliter, [alius], adv., in another
way, otherwise.

alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii,
adj., another, other, different;
the rest of alius . . . alius, one
. . . another, the one . . . the

ALO

lO

AN

other ; pi. alii . . . alii, some
. . . others.

aid, alere, alui, altum or alitum,
3, a., feed, nourish, support,
maintain,

AlpSs, -iam, f., the Alps,

alter, altera, alteram, gen. alte-
riua, dat. alteri, pron. adj., one
of two, the one, the other, the
second, alter . . . alter, the one
. . . the other ; pi. alteri . . .
alteri, the one party . . . the
other,

altercor, -an, -atns snm, [alter],
I, dep., n., dispute, wrangle.

alteruter, -utra, -atmin, gen.
alterutrius, dat. alterutri,
[alter + uter], pron. adj., one
of the other, one of two.

altuB, -a, -urn, comp. altior, sup.
altissimus, [part, of alo], adj.,
nourished, grown great; high,
tall, deep. As subst., altam, -i,
n., the deep, the sea ; pi. alta,
-drum, greatness; sup. altissi-
mum, -i, n., top,

alveuB, -i, m., hollow ; trough, tray.

am&ns, -antis, comp. amantior,
sup. amantissimus, [part, of
amo], adj., loving, fond, affec-
tionate ; with gen., fond of.

ambio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itnm,
[ambi- •\-eb'\,\tt.,2,.,goaround;
canvass for votes ; solicit, entreat.

ambitio, -onis, [ambio], f., a go-
ing around ; desire for favor,
ambition,

ambo, ambae, ambd, ace. m.
amb5 or amb5s, num. adj.,
both.

amicitia, -ae, [amicus], i,, friend-
ship,

amicus, -a, -um, comp. amicior,
sup. amicissimus, [amo], adj.,
loving, friendly, kind.

amicus, -i, [adj., amicus], m.,
loved one, loving one, friend,

ftmitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum,
[a + mittd], 3, a., send away,
let go; lose,

amnis, -is, m., river, stream,

amor, -5ris, [amo], m., love ; de-
sire, passion.

amphora, -ae, f., amphora, a long,
pointed jar, with two handles at
the top; wine-jar.

amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum.,
[am-, = ambi-, -f plecto], 3,
dep., a., twine around, encircle,
embrace.

amplld, -are, -avi, -atum, [am-
plus], I, a., widen, enlarge, ex-
tend.

amplius, [comp. of amplus and
ample], indecl. adj. and adv.,
further, besides, more, more than.

amplus, -a, -um, comp. amplior,
sup. amplissimns, adj., great,
large ; noble, distinguished.

amputo, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
cut around, cut away, lop off,

AmUlius, -i, m., Amulius, a son
of Proca, king of Alba Longa.
He usurped the throne which
rightfully belonged to his elder
brother Numitor, but was de-
posed and slain by Romulus and
Remus.

an, conj., introducing the'^'^cond
part of a double question^

ANCILE

II

ANUS

or rather^ or indeed. The first
member ordinarily has utrum or
-ne, but is sometimes omitted.
In direct questions an is often
not translated; in indirect ques-
tions, whether.

ancQe, -is, n., smaU oval shield^
sacred shield. See p. 5, 1. 15,
and the note.

ancilla, -ae, f., maid-servant^
handmaid.

Ancus, -i, m., Ancus^ forename of
Ancus MarciuSf the fourth king
of Rome.

ango, -ere, — , — , 3, a., press tight^
choke ; vex^ trouble, torment^ an-
noy,

angor, -oris, [cf. ango], m., stran-
gling; torment, anguish.

anguiB, -is, m. and f., serpent,
snake.

angUBtlae, -arum, [angastns],
f. pi., narrowness; narrow
place ; difficulty ^ perplexity.

anguBtuB, -a, -urn, [cf. ango],
adj., narrow, contracted, difficult.

anima, -ae, f., air ; breath, spirit,
life, soul,

animadvertd, -vertere, -verti,
-versum, [animum -f- adverto],
3, a., turn the mind to, notice ;
censure, punish.

animal, -alis, [anima], n., living
thing, animal.

animuB, -i, m., soul, life; mind,
reason; courage, spirit; incli-
nation, purpose; feeling, esse
alicui in animo, to intend.

annona, -ae, [annus], f., year's
produce, harvest; grain.

annuB, -i, m.,year,

ante, adv. and prep., before.

(i) As adv., of space, before, in
front; of time, before, pre-
viously, ago. ante qnam or
anteqaam, sooner than, be-
fore,
(2) As prep., with ace. only, of
space and time, before; in
comparisons, before, superior
to, in comparison with.
anteft, [ante -f ea], adv., before,

formerly, previously.
antecSdo, -ere, antecessi, — ,
[ante -|- cedo], 3, n., ^^ before,
precede ; surpass, excel,
anteSo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ante

-f eo], irr., n., go before,
antequam, see ante.
AntdochuB, -1, m., Antiochus,
(i) The name of several kings
of Syria. In this book refers
to Antiochus III., surnamed
the Great, who was conquered
by Scipio Asiaticus in 190 B.C.
(2) A philosopher of Ascalon,
the teacher of Cicero during
his studies at Athens in
79 B.C.
AntSnius, -a, the name of a Ro-
man gens. In this book are
mentioned :
(i) Marcus Antonius, Mark

Antony, the triumvir.
(2) C. Antonius Hybrida, the
colleague of Cicero in his con-
sulship.
aniiluB, -i, m., rir^, finger-ring.

See note to p. 32, 1. 10.
anuB, -us, f., old woman.

ANXIUS

12

ARCA

SiuduB, -a, -am, [cf. ang5], adj.,
anxious, troubled; causing anx-
iety.

aper, apri, m., wild boar.

aperi5, -ire, -ui, -turn, 4, a., un-
cover ; open^ disclose.

apertS, [apertus], adv., openly,
plainly, clearly, manifestly.

apertus, -a, -am, [part, of ape-
rio], adj., unclosed; open, man-
ifest.

ApoUSnia, -ae, f., Apollonia, a
city in southwestern Illyria.

Apolldnius, -i, m., Apollonius,
surnamed Molon, a teacher of
rhetoric, under whom Cicero
studied at Rhodes.

appftre5, -parere, -parai, fut. part,
apparitaras, [ad -i- pareo], 2,
n., appear, come in sight; be
plain, be manifest.

appellfttl5, -dnis, [appelld, -are],
f., designationy name.

appell5, -pellere, -pali, -palsam,
[ad -I- pello], 3, a., drive to,
bring up, bring to land, go to.

appell5, -are, -avi, -atam, [ad ■\-
pello], I, a., address, call by
name; term, entitle; apply to,
appeal to, call upon.

AppennlhuB, -1, m.,the Appenines,
a high range of mountains run-
ning the length of the Italian
peninsula.

AppiuB, -i, m., Appius, a. Roman
forename, especially common in
the Claudian gens.

applauds, -plaadere, -plausi,
-plausam, [ad + plaudo], 3, a.,
stride upon, beat; applaud.

app5n5, -ponere, -posoi, -posi-
tum, [ad 4- pond], 3, 9.., put at,
place near, set before,

apprehends, -ere, -di, -sum, [ad
4- prehendo], 3, a., seize, lay hold
of grasp,

approbd, -are, -avi, -atom, [ad
•f prob5], I, a., c^ent to, ap-
prove, favor.

appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad 4- propinquo], i, n., draw
near, approach,

aptfi, [aptus], adv., fitly, rightly ;
properly, neatly.

aptus, -a, -um, s^d]., fitted; suit-
able, fit,

apud, prep, with ace. only, at,
near, with, among; in the pres-
ence of, at the house of; in the
works of,

Apulia, -ae, f, Apulia, one of the
divisions of Italy, in the south-
eastern part, north of Calabria,
east of Lucania and Samnium.

aqua, -ae, f., water, spring,

aqulla, -ae, f., eagle; by meton-
ymy, eagle, made of metal and
carried on a pole as the standard
of a Roman legion.

aquilifer, -feri, [aqulla, cf. fero],
m., eagle-bearer, standard-bearer.

ftra, -ae, f., altar,

arbiter, -tri, m., spectator, witness,
umpire, judge, arbiter.

arbitrium, -i, [arbiter], n., judg-
ment, decision; authority, power.

arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, [arbi-
ter], I, dep., n., testify ; be of an
opinion, think, consider,

area, -ae, [cf. arced], f., chest, box.

ARCEO

13

ASPER

arced, -ere, -ni, — , 2, a., shut up,
enclose; keep off, avert; hinder ,
prevent,

arcessd, -ere, arcessivi, arcessi-
tum, [intens. of accedo], 3, a.,
cause to comey summon, invite.

Ardea, -ae, f., Ardea, a town in
Latium, about twenty miles south
of Rome.

ftrdSna, -entis, [part, of ardeo],
Z.6!]., glowing, fiery, bright; ar-
dent.

ftrdeo, -ere, ar», arsum, 2, n., ^<?
on fire, burn, glow; be in/lamed,
desire eagerly.

ftrdor, -oris, [cf. ardeo], m., burn-
ing, heat; brightness; eagerness,
zeal.

argenteuB, -a, -am, [argentuin],
adj., of silver, silver.

argentom, -1, n., silver ; by me-
tonymy, money, argentam fac-
tum, wrought silver, silver-plate.

ArgivuB, -a, -am, adj., of Argos,
Argive.

ArgOB, only nom. and ace. n., also
Argi, -dram, m. pi., Argos, a
city in Argolis, in the northeast-
ern part of the Peloponnesus.

argu5, -ere, -ui, -utam, 3, a.,
make 'knoivn ; accuse^ blame.

ftriduB, -a, -am, [areo], adj., dry.
arid,

arma, -oram, n., pi., implements,
outfit; implements of war, arms,
weapons.

armSLtaB, -a, -am, [part, of armo],
adj., armed ^ equipped^ under
arms, armati, -orum, m., pi.,
armed men.

.Armenia, -ae, f., Armenia, a
country in the northeastern part
of Asia Minor.

armilla, -ae, [armus, shoulder,
arm], f., bracelet, armlet.

armo, -are, -avi, -atum, [arma],
I, a., furnish with arms, arm,
equip.

Arpinmn, -i, n., Arpinum, a town
in the Sabine district, about fifty
miles southeast of Rome, the
birthplace of Marius and Cicero.

ara, artis, f., skill, art; knowledge,
accomplishment; device, strata-
gem.

artifex, -ficis, [ars, cf. facio],m.
and f., artist, artificer ; builder,
contriver. [body,

artUB, -uum, m., -pX., joints ; limbs,

arx, arcis, [cf. arced], f., castle,
citadel, stronghold.

SLs, assis, m., unit; as, the unit
of the Roman coinage, originally
a pound of copper, gradually
reduced in weight to half an
ounce; a penny.

ascendd, -ere, -scendi, -scensam,
[ad 4- scando}, 3, n. and a.,
mount, climb, ascend.

Aaia, -ae, f., Asia, usually refer-
ring to Asia Minor.

Asi&ticus, -a, -am, adj., of Asia,
Asiatic, As subst., Asiaticas
-i, m., surname of L. Sctpio
Asiaticiis^ the conqueror of An-
tiochus.

asper, -era, -eram, comp. aspe-
rior, sup. asperrimas, adj., ad-
verse ; rough, harsh, violent,
cruel.

ASPERITAS

14

AUGUR

asperiULs, -atis, [asper], f.,
ronghnesSf harshness^ asperity,
cruelty ; acidity.

ftspemor, -ari, -atns sum, [a +
spemor], i, dep., a., disdain^
despise,

aspis, -idis, f., asp, viper.

astutas, -a, -am, adj., wary,
shrewdy cunning.

asylum, -i, n., place of refuge,
asylum.

at, conj., but, but yet; however^
nevertheless ; but on the con-
trary.

AthSnae, -aram, f., pi., Athens,
chief city of Greece, situated
in Attica, in the southeastern
part of central Greece.

Athesis, -is, m., the Athesis, a
river in southern Venetia, flow-
ing into the head of the Adri-
atic Sea ; near it Marius de-
feated the Cimbri. It is now
called the Adige.

AtHiuB, -i, m., gentile name of
M. Attlius Regulus, See p. 24,
1. 17 fol.

atque, before consonants ac, [ad
+ -que], conj., and also, and,
and moreover; with words im-
plying comparison, as, than.

atqiii, [at-i- qui], conj., but, but
yet, and yet.

atrociter, [atrox], 9A\., fiercely,
cruelly.

atrdz, -dels, comp. atrocior, sup.
atrdcissimus, adj., savage, fierce,
cruel, harsh., horrible.

attingd, -tingere, -tigi, -tactnm,
[ad + tango] , 3, a., touch, reach.

Attus, -1, m., Attus, forename
of Attus Ndvius, an augur of
the time of Tarquinius Pris-
cus.

attonitas, -a, -run, [part, of at-
tend], adj., thunderstruck^ as-
tounded, awe-strtuk.

auctor, -5riB, [auged], m., pro-
ducer ; promoter, authority ;
originator, cause ; an attesting
witness.

auctSritSs, -atis, [auctor], f.,
authority, power; influence ^
dignity; weight, prestige, im-
portance.

aucupium, -i, [avis, cf. capio],
n., bird-catching, fowling.

audftcia, -ae, [aud^ix], f., daring,
boldness; audacity, rashness, pre-
sumption.

audeo, -ere, ausua sum, 2, semi-
dep., a. and n., dare, venture,

' risk,

audid, -ure, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 4,
a., hear; listen to; assent to.
dictd audientem esse alicui,
to be obedient to anyone.

aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla-
tum, [ab-f fero], irr., a., take
away, carry away, remove;
steal.

aufugio. -fugere, -fugi, — , [ab
-\- fugio], 3, n. and a., flee
away, escape; flee from.

auge5, augere, auxi, auctum,
2, a. and n., increase, enlarge^
advance.

augur, -uris, [avis], m., diviner,
soothsayer, augur. See note to
p. 11,1. 8.

AUGURIUM

15

BELLO

augiixium, -i, [augur], n., ob-
servance of omens ^ divination^
augury; omen.

augUBtuB, -a, -am, [cf. angeo],
adj., consecrated, sacred; majes-
tic, noble.

AugUBtuB, -i, [angastus], m.,
Augustus, a title given to Octa-
vianus Caesar as emperor.

aulaeum, -i, n., curtain, canopy.

aoreiiB, -a, -am, [aaram], adj.,
of gold, golden.

auris, -is, [cf. aadio], f., ear.

aaram, -i, n., gold.

auBpiciam, -i, [avis, cf. speci5],
n., divination by the flight of
birds, augury, auspices.

aat, conj., marking an important
difference, or ; corrective or em-
phatic, or at least, or rather, or
else, aat . . . aat, either . . . or.

autem, conj., always postpositive,
but, however, moreover, and now.

auziliam, -i, [cf. aaged], n.,
help, aid; pi. often auxiliary
troops, auxiliaries.

avftritia, -ae, [avaras], t, greed,
avarice.

avSruB, -a, -am, adj., greedy,
grasping, covetous.

AventXnuB, -i, m., (sc. mons), the
Aventine, the most southern of
the seven hills of Rome.

AventlnuB, -a, -am, adj., of the
Aventine, on the Aventine.

ave5, -ere, — , — , imper. ave,
avetd, 2, n., only in salutations,
be well, fare well.

&vertd, -ere, averti, aversam,
[a-H vertoj, 3, a., turn away.

turn aside, keep off, avert, se

avertere, to turn aside.
avidaa, -a, -am, adj., desirous,

eager, greedy.
avis, -is, f., bird ; sign, omen.
ftvoc5, -are, -avi, -atum, [a •\-

voco], I, a., call off, call away.
&V0I5, -are, -avi, -atam, [a-i-

volo], I, Ti., fly away; flee,

hasten away.
avunculus, -i, [dim. of avas],

m., uncle.
avuB, -i, m., grandfather.

baculum, -i, n., staff, stick.

Bagrada, -ae, f., the Bagrada, a
river in northern Africa, near
Utica.

balliata, -ae, f., ballista, an engine
for hurling stones, hurling-
engine.

balneum, -i, n., bath, bathing-place.

barba, -ae, f., beard.

barbaruB, -a, -am, adj., of strange
speech, foreign, strange; barba-
rous, uncivilized. As subst., bar-
baras, -i, foreigner, barbarian.

bellSLtor, -oris, [bello], m., war-
rior, soldier.

beIlic5suB, -a, -am, [bellicas],
adj., warlike, given to fighting.

bellicuB, -a, -am, [bellum], adj.,
of war ^ military ; warlike, bel-
licum (sc. signam) canere,
give the signal for battle.

bell5, -are, -avi, -atom, [bel-
lum], I, n., wage war, fight,
contend.

BELLUM

l6

BULLA

bellnm, -i, [for duellum from
duo], n., war.

bSlua, -ae, f., beast, wild beast ;
used especially of the elephant.

bene, comp. melius, sap. optime,
[bonus], adv., well^ successfully ;
very.

^beneficitim, -i, [bene, cf. facio],
n., favor, kindness^ service.

benevolentia, -ae, [bene, cf.
void], f., good-will f kindness,
favor.

benlgnfi, [benignus], adv., in a
friendly manner, kindly, courte-
ously.

benignus, -a, -urn, adj., kind^
good, favorable.

bibliothSca, -ae, f., library.

bibd, bibere, bibi, bibitum, 3,
a., drink.

Bibulus, -i, m., Bibulus, the name
of a family of the Calpurnian
gens. In this book,. L. Calpur-
nius Bibulus, the colleague of
Julius Caesar in his consulship,
as well as in his aedileship and
praetorship. Being in sympathy
with the aristocratic party, he
opposed Caesar to the best of
his ability.

biduum, -i, [In = bis, cf. dies],
n., period of two days, two days.

bini, -ae, -a, gen. binum, num.
adj., two by two, two at a time.

bis, num. adv., twice.

blanditla, -ae, f., caressing, flat-
tering; pi. blandishments, al-
lurements.

BlOBSius, -i, m., Blossius, gentile
name of C. Blossius Cumanus,

a friend and partisan of C. Grac-
chus.

Bocchus, -i, m., Bocchus, a king
of the Gaetuli, conquered by
Marius.

Boioriz, -icis, m., Boiorix, leader
of the Cimbri, conquered by
Marius near Vercellae in 10 1

B.C.

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior,
sup. optimus, adj., good. As
subst, boni, -drum, m., pi., the
good,good men ; bona, -drum, n.,
pi., goods, possessions.

b58, bovis, gen. pi. boum, dat.
bobus or bubus, m. and f., ox^
bull, cow.

bracchium or brftchium, -i, n.,
forearm, arm.

brevi, [brevis], adv., in a little
while, in a short time, soon.

brevis, -e, adj., short, brief.

BritannI, -drum, m., pi., the in-
habitants of Britain, British.

Brundisium, -i, n., Brundisium,
a seaport in Calabria in south-
eastern Italy, the usual point of
departure for Greece; modern
Brindisi.

BrCLtUB, -i. m., Brutus, a surname
of the Junian gens. In this book
are mentioned :

(i) Z. Junius Brutus, the liber-
ator and first consul of
Rome.
(2) M. Junius Brutus, the
leader, with Cassius, of the
assassins of Julius Caesar.

bulla, -ae, f., a bubble ; the bulla,
an amulet worn on the neck by

17

CAMPUS

chUdren of free birth. See note
top. Ill 1. i6.

C, originally = C and G ; with
proper names = GSius, a Ro-
man forename.

cad&ver, -eris, [cado], n., a dead
body^ corpse,

cad5, -ere, cecidi, casanu, 3,
n., fall; be killed; take place,
happen,

caecitfts, -atis, [caecus], f.,
blindness.

caedSs, -is, [cf. caedd], f., kill-
ing, slaughter, murder^ massa-
cre.

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum,
3, a., cut, cut to pieces, kill, slay ;
vanquish, destroy.

caeleBtis, -e, [caelum], adj.,
of heaven, . from heaven, heav-
enly.

CaelluB, -i, m.,(sc. mons), the Cae-
lian hilly in the southeastern
part of the city.

caelum, -i, n., the sky, heaven,
heavens.

caendsuB, -a, -am, [caenum],
9^6].^ filthy, foul.

caeniim, -i, n., dirt, filth, mud,
mire.

Caesar, -axis, m., Caesar, the
name of a famous family of the
Julian gens. In this book are
mentioned :

(i) C. lulius Caesar, the dicta-
tor. See p. 67.

(2) C. lulius Caesar Octama-
nus Augustus, the first emperor
of Rome. See p. 84.

caesaiifis, — , ace. -em, only in
sing., f., hair, hair of the head,
locks,

calamitSs, -ails, f., losSy injury,
harm ; calamity, disaster.

calliduB, -a, -am, [called], adj.,
practised, shrewd, cunning.

Calpumius, -a, the name of a
Roman gens. In this book are
mentioned :
(i) Calpurnia, wife of Julius

Caesar.
(2) L, Calpumius Bibulus. See
Bibulus,

calvitliim, -i, [calvua], n., bald-
ness, a bald-spot.

calvuB, -a, -um, adj., bald. As
subst., Calvus, -i, m., a Roman
surname, in this book referring
to C, Licinius Macer Calvus,
the orator and poet, a contem-
porary of Catullus. He lam-
pooned Julius Caesar.

CamerB, -ertis, m., inhabitant of
Camerinum, a town in Umbria,
in northeastern Italy.

Camp&nia, -ae, f., Campania, a
district in central Italy, southeast
of Latium, noted for its beauty
and fertility.

Camp&niiB, -a, -am, adj., of Cam-
pania, Campanian, As subst.,
Campanus, -i, m., a Campa-
nian.

campuB, -i, m., plain, level field;
often = Campus Martius, the
Campus Martius, a grassy plain

CANINIUS

i8

CARTHAGO

in the northwestern part of Rome
lying along the Tiber, the place
where reviews and the elections
were held.

Caninlus, -i, m., gentile name of
C. Caninius RebiluSy who held
the consulship for a few hours
in 45 B.C. See p. 84.

canis, -is, m. and f., dog.

Cannae, •anun, f., pi., Cannae^ a
town in Apulia, in southeastern
Italy, the scene of the defeat of
the Romans by Hannibal in
216 B.C.

CannSnais, -e, adj., of Cannae^ at
Cannae.

cand, canere, cecini, — , 3, n.
and a., sing, chant; sound.

cantUB, -iis, [cano], m., song,
chant ; cry, note,

Canusium, -i, n., Canusium, a
town in Apulia, near Cannae,

capesBO, -ere, -ivi, -itnras,
[desid. of capi5], 3, take eagerly,
seize ; betake oneself to, resort to,

capilluB, -i, [cf caput], m., hair
of the head, hair,

capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3,
a., take hold of, take, seize ; take
captive, make prisoner; with
loca, choose ground for a
camp.

CapitoUnuB, -a, -um, adj., of the
Capitol; at the Capitol.

Capitdlium, -i, [capnt], n., the
Capitol, a temple on Mons Satur-
nius dedicated to Jupiter, Juno,
and Minerva; often the Capito-
line Hill, the hill on which the
Capitol stood.

capra, -ae, f , she-goat. Caprae
palUs, the Goafs Pool, a marsh in
the Campus Martius.

captivuB, -a, -um, [capio], adj.,
taken prisoner , captive. As subst.,
m. and f., prisoner, captive.

captd, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
capio], I, a., seize eagerly, strive
to seize ; snatch at, strive for,

Capua, -ae, f., Capua., a city in
Campania, 136 miles southeast
of Rome, noted for its luxury.

capuluB, -i, [capio], m., lit. that
which is grasped ; handle, hilt of
a sword.

caput, -itis, n., head; by meton-
ymy, life, person,

Carbd, -onis, m., Carbo, family
name of C, Papirius Carbo, an
opponent of Sulla who was de-
feated by Pompey.

career, -eris, m., prison, dun-
geon; especially the Tullianumy
the Roman state-prison. See
note to p. 10, 1. 9.

camifez, -ificis, [card, cf. facto] ,
m., executioner, butcher.

carpentum, -i, n., carriage; at
Rome a covered vehicle with two
wheels.

carpd, -ere, carpsi, carptum, 3,
a., pick, pluck, seize, pluck out.

CarthftginiSuBiB, -e, adj., of Car-
thage, Carthaginian. As subst.,
m., a Carthaginian,

Carth&go, -inia, f., Carthage, a
city on the northern coast of
Africa, near the moderNJunis.

Carthftgo Nova, New Ca^,
a city in eastern Spain.

CARUS

19

CELTIBERI

cSrus, -a, -um, adj., dear^ pre-
' cious ; beloved; costly.

casa, -ae, f., small house, cottage^
hut.

Casca, -ae, m., Casca, surname of
C. Servtlius Casca y one of the
assassins of Caesar.

CassiuB, -i, m., Cassius, gentile
name of C. Cassitts Longinus^
originator of the conspiracy
against Caesar.

castellum, -i, [dim. of castrum],
n., castUy forty stronghold.

castlgo, -are, -avi, -atum, i» a.,
correct, punish ; reprove.

castrum, -i, n., fortress, castle.
PI. castra, -drum, camp.

cftsuB, -us, [cado], m., fall;
event, occurrence ; chance, for-
tune ; overthrow, destruction ;
calamity.

catapulta, -ae, f., catapult, an
engine for hurling missiles; hurl-
ing-engine.

catSna, -ae, f., chain, fetter.

Catilma, -ae, Catifina, Catiline,
family name of L. Sergius Cati-
Itna, who formed a dangerous
conspiracy against the state,
which was suppressed by Cicero.
catilluB, -1, m., small dish, plate.
Cat5, -onis, [catus, shrewd], m.,
Cato, name of a noted family of
the Porcian gens, of which the
only member mentioned in this
book is M. Porcius Cato Uticen-
sis, so called from Utica in Af-
rica, where he committed sui-
cide in 46 B.C., rather than
surrender to Caesar.

catuluB, -i, m., young animal,
zvhelp, cub.

Catulus, -1, m., Catulus, .family
name of Q. Lutatius Catulus,
who opposed the Gabinian and
Manilian laws, which gave ex-
traordinary powers to Pompey.

Catullus, -i, m., Catullus, family
name of C. Valerius Catullus,
one of the greatest of Roman
lyric poets. He was born at
Verona in 87 B.C.

Cauda, -ae, f., tail.

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; op-
portunity ; excuse ; case at law ;
abl., causa with preceding gen.,
for the sake of, for the purpose of.
causam dicere, to plead a case.

cautus, -a, -um, [part, of caveo],
adj., careful, cautious, wary.

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, 2, a. and
Xi., be on one^s guard, beware of.

cSdo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3,
2^., go from; yield, submit.

celebr&tus, -a, -um, [part, of
celebro], adj., frequented; fa-
mous y renozuned.

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ce-
leber], \ y 2.., throng ; celebrate;
make famous, praise.

celer, -eris, -ere, adj., s%vift,
speedy, quick, lively.

celeritas, -atis, [celer], f., swift- .
nesSy quickness, speed.

cella,-ae,f., chamber ; of a temple,
sanctuary ; shrine.

c61o, -are, -avi, -atum, i, 2.., hide,
concealy keep secret.

CeltibSri, -drum, m., the Celtibert,
a tribe of central Spain.

CENA

20

CHRYSOGONUS

06x1a, -ae, f., dinnery the principal
meal of the Romans, taken in
the early times at noon, after-
wards later in the day.

c6n5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [cena],

1, n. and a., dine^ eat dinner ;
eat, dine upon,

o6iiBe5, censere, censui, censum,

2, a., assess; be of the opinion; sup-
pose, think ; determine, decide.

cfinsor, -oris, [censeo], m., cen-
sor, a Roman magistrate. Two
censors were chosen every five
years, and served for eighteen
months. They held the census
or rating of the citizens; chose
the members of the senate from
those eligible to that dignity,
and removed them for cause;
exercised a general supervision
over public morals; and admin-
istered the finances of the state.

census, -lis, [censeo], m., regis-
tration of citizens and property
by the censors; census, rating.

centlSna, [centum], num. adv.,
a hundred times,

centum, indecl. num. adj., hun-
dred.

centoria, -ae, [centum], f., divis-
ion of a hundred, division of
the people and of the army,
century. See p. 11, 1. 6, with
the note.

centurio, -onis, [centuria], m.,
commander of a century, cen-
turion, captain.

cemd, cernere, crevi, cretum,

3, a., separate; perceive, see;
decide.

certftmen, -inis, [cert5], n., con-
test, battle; match, trial of
strength or skill; rivalry, com-
petition.

cert&tim, [certo], adv., in ri-
valry, emulously, zealously.

certfi, comp. certius, [certus],
adv., certainly, surely, really.

cert5, [certus], adv., certainly,
surely, in fact.

certs, -are, -avi, -atum, [certus],
I, n., vie with; contend, strug-
gle; rival, emulate,

certus, -a, -um, [old part, of
cemo], adj., determined, fixed,
certain; definite, specified; cer-
tain, assured, aliquem certi-
5rem facer e, to inform any one,

cerva, -ae, f., hind.

cerviz, -icis, f., neck, throat,

cesB5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
cedo], I, be remiss ; be inactive,

c6tera, [ceterus], adv., for the
rest, otherwise.

cfiterum, [ceterus], z.d\.,for the
rest, in other respects, but.

cfiterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m.
not found, adj., other ^ the other,
rest ; pi., the rest, the other. As
subst., ceteri, -drum, m., pi., the
rest, every one else. cetera,
-5rum, n., pi., /4^ rest, everything
else.

charta, -ae, f., leaf of the Egyp-
tian papyrus, paper ; writing.

ChrysogonuB, -i, m., Chrysogo-
nus, surname of L, Cornelius
Chrysogonus, a freedman of
Sulla. He accused S. Roscius
Amerinus of parricide. Cicero

CIBARIA

21

CIVICUS

defended Roscius in his first
public oration.

cibSLrius, -a, -um, [cibus], adj.,
peria ining to food, re a cibar ia,
provisions,

oibuB, -i, m.jfoodt victuals.

cicfttriz, icis, f., scar.

Cicerd, -dnis, [cicer, chickpea']^
m., CicerOy name of a family
of the Tullian gens. In this
book, M. Tidlius Cicero^ the
orator and statesman. See p.

77.

Cimber, -bri, m., Cimbrian^ one of
the Cimbri, a Teutonic tribe
which invaded Cisalpine Gaul,
and was annihilated by Marius
near Vercellae in loi B.C.

CimbricuB, -a, -am, adj., of the
Cimbrit Cimbrian.

Clnefis, -ae, m., Cimas, a friend
and counsellor of Pyrrhus, famed
for his eloquence.

ciiig5, ciiigere, cinzi, cinctum,
3, a., gQ around y encompass;
gird, gird on; surround, in-
vest, blockade,

dDiB, -oris, m., ashes.

Cinna, -ae, m., family name of
Z. Cornelius Cinna ^ leader of
the popular party B.C. 87-84,
and associated with Marius in
a massacre of the aristocracy.

circS, adv. and prep, with ace,
around, round about.

drcnm, adv. and prep.

(i) As adv., about, around,

round about.
(2) As prep.. with ace, around,
about; among, near.

circtunard, -are, -avi, -atom,
[circum + aro], i, a., plot^gk
around,

oircumdo, -dare, -dedi, Saturn,
[circam 4- do], i, a., place
around; surround, encompass,
enclose.

drcumed, -ire, -ivi or -ii, cir-
cumitum, [circum -|-e6], irr., a.,
go around, surround, enclose.

circumfundd, -fandere, -fidi,
-fusum, [circum -I- fundd], 3,
a., pour around, surround, en-
velop.

circumBt5, -stare, -steti, — ,
[circum + sto], i, n. and a.,
stand around; encompass, sur-
round; besiege.

circiimveiii5, -venire, -veni,
-ventum, [circum + veni6], 4,
a., come around, go around; en^
circle, beset; cheat, defraud.

circus, -i, m. , circle, enclosure for
athletic sports, circus. Often =
Circus Maximus, the Circus
Maximus, an enclosure for char-
iot races and gymnastic contests,
lying between the Palatine and
Aventine hills.

cit&tUB, -a, -um, [part, of cit5],
adj., quick, rapid ^ speedy, at full
speed.

cito, -are, -avi, -atum, [intens.
of cied], I, a., put in motion,
rouse, excite, urge at full speed ;
summon.

olvicus, -a, -um, [civis], adj.,
of citizens, civil, civic, corona
civica, civic crown. See note
to p. 16, 1. 15.

CIVILIS

22

CLUSINUS

clvnis, -e, [civis], adj., ofcitizens^

civile civic; courteous^ polite^

civil.
cIviB, -is, m. and f., citizen, fellow-

citizen.
cIvltftB, -atig, [cnvis], f., citizen-

ship; state.
cl&dSs, -is, f., destruction^ disaster,

overthrow, defeat.
clam, [cf. cel5], adv. and prep.

with ace, secretly^ without, the

knowledge of,
clftmit5, -are, -avi, -atnin, [freq.

of clamo], I, n., cry aloud, shout

loudly, vociferate.
cl&m5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.

and n., cry, shout; call upon,

invoke ; proclaim.
clSmor, -5ris, [clamo], m., cry,

shout; shouting, noise.
clandestlnuB, -a, -am, [clam],

^d]., secret, concealed, clandestine.
clangor, -oris, m., sound, clang,

clash.
clS.ru8, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright;

loud; conspicuous, famous.
classis, -is, f., class, division of

the people ; army ; fleet.
Claudius, -i, m., Claudius, the

name of a famous Roman gens.

In this book are mentioned :

(1) Appius Claudius Caecus,CQ\-
ebrated for his eloquence, who
in his old age was carried into
the senate and prevailed on
the members not to listen to
the terms of peace offered by
Pyrrhus.

(2) Appius Claudius Pulcher,
who fought at the battle of

Cannae, and was, with Pub-
lius Scipio, raised to the chief
command of the troops which
fled to Canusium.

claudo, clandere, claosi, clau-
sum, 3, a., shut, close; imprison,
besiege.

clausula, -ae, [claudd], f., close,
conclttsion, finish; of a play,
'tag:

clausuB, -a, -um, [part, of claudd],
adj., closed, shut.

clSvus, -i, m., nail ; purple stripe
on the tunic.

clSmSuB, -entis, adj., mild, gentle,
kindly, compassionate.

clSmenter, [clemens], comp. cle-
mentius, sup. clementissime,
adv., quietly, with forbearance^
mildly.

clSmentia, -ae, [clemens], f.,
forbearance, mercy.

Cleopatra, -ae, f., Cleopatra,
queen of Egypt, famous for her
wit and beauty, who with Mark
Antony was defeated by Octavi-
anus Caesar at Actium in 31 B.C.

cliSns, -entis, m. , dependent, cli-
ent, folloiver.

clivUB, -i, m., declivity, slope, hill.
Clivus Capitolinus, ascent to
the Capitol from the Forum, a
continuation of the Sacred Way.

Clodius, -i, m., form of Claudius,
gentile name of P. Clodius Pul-
cher, a bitter enemy of Cicero.
He was active in promoting the
exile of Cicero.

Clusinus, -a, -am, adj., of Clu-
sium, a powerful city in Etruria,

CLYPEA

23

COMITIUM

the capital of Porsena. res
Olosma, the commonwealth of
Clusium.

Clypea, -ae, f., Clypea, a small
fortress in northern Africa, not
far from Carthage.

Cn., see GnaeuB.

Cocl6B,-itis,m., C(i?f/« (one-eyed),
surname of Horatius Codes,

coepio, -ere, coepi, coeptum,
pres. not found in classical
Latin, 3, def. a. and n., begin,
commence.

coerceo, -cere, -cui, -citum,
[com- + arced], 2, a., confine
on all sides, shut in; hold in
check, control, tame.

cogit&tid, -dnis, [cogito], f.,
consideration, reflection.

cogitd, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
-f agito], I, a., refiect on, think;
design, plan.

cognatid, -onis, [cognatus], f.,
blood-relationship, connection by
birth.

cognatuB, -a, -nm, [com- -|- gna-
tns], adj., related hy blood.

cognfitas, -i, [adj. cognatus],
m., kinsman, blood-relation.

cognomen, -inis, [com- -|- gno-
men], n., surname, family
name; name.

cognoBCO, -gndscere, -gndvi,
-gnitum, [com- -|- gno8c5], 3,
a., become acquainted with;
learn, perceive, understand^ rec-
ognize.

cdgo, cogere, coegi, coactnm,
[com- + ago], 3, a, drive to-
gether ; collect ; force, compel.

coborB, -liortis, f., cohort, the
tenth part of a legion, company.

Coll&tintiB, -i, m., Collatinus,
family name of L. Tarquinius
Collahnus, husband of Lucretia,
and colleague of Brutus in hb
consulship.

CoU&tia, -ae, f., Collatia, a town
of the Sabines, not far from
Rome.

oollia, -is, m., elevation, hill.

collum, -i, n., neck.

cold, -ere, colai, caltom, 3, a.
and n., till, cultivate ; dwell in,
inhabit; clothe, adorn; honor ^
revere, esteem.

col5nia, -ae, [cf. cold], f., colony,
settlement.

columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon.

com-, prep., old form of cum,
used only in composition. See
cmn.

combfird, -urere, -usea, -ustum,
[com- -f uro], 3, a., burn up,
consume.

comoB, -itis, [com-, cf. ed], m.,
companion, comrade ; retainer.

CominiuB, -i, m., Cominius, gen-
tile name of Postumus Cominius
Aruncus, consul in 501 B.C.

comitfta, -atis, [comis], f., cour-
tesy, kindness, affability.

comitfttuB, -us, [comitor], m.,
escort, train, retinue.

comitla, -drum, [pi. of comi-
tinm], n. pi., Comitia, the Ro-
man people in assembly; elec-
tion.

comitlmn, -i, [com- + eo], n.,
place of meeting; at Rome, the

COMITOR

24

COMPONO

Comitium^ an open place in
which assemblies were held; it
was north of the Forum, from
which it was separated by the
rostra.

comitor, -an, -atas sum [comes],
I, dep., a., attendy accompany.

commendd, -are, -avi, -atam,
[com- + mandd], i, a., entrust ^
commit ; recommend^ ask favor
for, defend.

oommigrd, -are, -airi, -atum,
[com- 4- migrd], i, n., remove,
migrate.

coininitt5, -ere, commisi, com-
missom, [com- -|- mitto], 3, a.,
bring together, unite ; match, en-
gage in; entrust, commit, pug-
nam committere, to join battle.

commodS [commodns], adv.,
properly, rightly, suitably, ap-
propriately.

commoduB, -a, -tun, comp. com-
modior, sup. commodissimus,
[com- + modus], adj., wiih due
measure, suitable, fit, appropri-
ate.

commoved, -movere, -m5vi,
-mdtum [com- + moved], 2, a.,
put in motion, stir; agitate^
excite, bellum commovere, to
begin war.

commilnia, -e, [com-, monus],
adj., common, general.

commilniter, [communis], adv.,
in common, together.

commuto, -are, ^vi, -atom,
[com- -h mnto], i, a., alter
wholly, change; exchange^ sub-
stitute.

o5m5, cdmere, compsi, comp-
tum, [com- -I- em5], 3, a., comb,
arrange^ dress.

oomp&r, -paris, [com-, par], adj.,
like, equal to; corresponding,
suitable.

comparo, -are, -vsri, -atum,
[com--Hpar6], i, a., prepare,
make ready, provide; obtain.

comparS, -are, -avi, -atom*
[compar], i, a., match, compare.

compeU5, -ere, compuli, com-
pulsum, [com- -h pello], 3, a.,
drive together, collect; force,
compel.

compelld, -are, -avi, -^tum,
[compello], I, a., accost, ad-
dress; summon.

comperio, -ire, comperi, com-
pertum, 4, a., obtain knowledge
of, find out, learn.

compSB, -pedis, i., fetter for the
feet; pi. bonds, chains.

compno, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
plunder, rob.

complector, -plecti, -plexus sum,
[com- 4- pleci5, braid\ 3, dep.,
a., clasp, embrace, encircle, sur-
round.

comple5, -plere, -ple^, -pletom,
[com- ■\- pled], 2, a., fill full,
fill; complete, finish.

compldr&ti5, -onis, [comploro]»
f., lamentation, bewailing.

compliirSB, -a or -ia, gen. com-
plurium, [com- -f- plures] , adj.,
pi. , many, several.

comp5no, -ere, composui, com.-
positum, [com- + pono], 3, a.,
put together, unite ; set in ordef^^

COMPOS

25

CONFERO

arrange^ allay, quiet, pacem
componere, to conclude peace, to
come to terms,
compos, -potis, [90m-, cf. pos-
sum], adj., master of, powerful
over, participating in. voti
compotem fien, to attain one's
wish.

compositmn, -i, [compono], n.,
agreement, compact, ex com-
posito, by agreement, by pre-
concert.

comprebend5, -hendere, -hendi,
-hensum, [com- 4- prehendo], 3,
a., bind together ; seize, catch,
grasp ; understand, comprehend.

comprlm5, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum, [com--f premo], 3, a.,
press together, compress; restrain,
check,

comprob5, -are, -avi, -atom,
[com- + prob5], i, a., approve,
assent to ; prove, confirm.

computd, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -I- pato], I, a., sum up,
reckon, compiUe.

conc6dd, -ere, concesn, conces-
sum, [com- + cedo], 3, a. and n.,
go away, depart; yield, submit ;
concede, allow, give up.

coiicld5, -ere, concidi, — , [com-
+ cado], 3, 2.., fall, be slain,

concili5, -are, -avi, -atom, [con-
cilium], I, a., bring together;
win over, conciliate; bring about,

concilium, -i, n., meeting, as-
sembly,

concipi5,-cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[com— |-capi5], 3, a., take in, re-
ceive; imagine, conceive; adopt.

concitd, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of concio], I, 2L.,put in motion;
rouse, excite ; move, instigate.

conciamo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- + clam5], i, n., cry out
together, shout, cry,

Concordia, -ae, [concors], f.,
union, harmony, concord,

concupisc5, -cupiscere, -cupivi,
-cupitum, [com- -h cupi5], 3,
inch., a., greatly desire, long for,
strive after.

concnrrd, -currere, -cucnrri or
-curri, -cursum, [com-+ curro],
3, n., run together, assemble;
rush together, engage in combat,
fight; coincide, happen.

concursns, -us, [concurrd], m.,
running together, concourse,
throng; attack; meeting.

condemno, -are, -avi, atum,
[com- + damnd], i, a., con-
demn, find guilty, sentence,

condici5, -onis, [com-, cf . died],
f., agreement, condition,

condo, -dere, -didi, -ditum,
[com- + do], 3, a., put together,
found, build; lay away, conceal.

condon5, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -I- d5ii5], I, a., surrender,
remit, pardon,

conduco, -ere, conduzi, conduc-
tum, [com- -h duc5], 3, a., draw
together, assemble ; hire, employ ;
contribute to, profit, serve, con-
ducit (impers.), it is profitable,

oonfectus, part, of c5nfici5.

confer5, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[com- -I- fero], irr., a., bring to-
gether, collect; compare ; consult^

CONFESSIO

26

CONLEGA

confer; devote, apply; bestow,
se conferre, betake oneself y go,

c5nf 68815, -dnis, [confiteor], f.,
confession, ackncnvledgment,

odnfe8tim, [com-, cf. fesiind],
adv., immediately, forthwith,

cdnficid, -ficere, -^ci, -fectmn,
[com- + f acid] , 3, a., make
ready, accomplish, make; end;
exhaust; kill,

confidentia, -ae, [cdnndens], f.,
confidence, boldness, assurance.

confidd, -ere, -fisiiB sum, 3, semi-
dep., n., trust, rely on,

conlirm&tus, -a, -am, [part, of
cdnfurmd], adj., confident, cour-
ageous, resolute,

cdnfirmo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com--ffirm6], i, 2..,strengthen ;
encourage; assert.

confiteor, -eri, -feBsos sum,
[com- -I- fateor], 2, dep., a., ac-
knowledge, confess.

conflagro, -are, -avT, -atum,
[com- ■\- flagro], i, n. and a.,
burn, be consumed, be destroyed
by fire.

c5iilligd, -fligere, -flixi, -flictom,
[com- -I- fligd], 3, a. and n., dash
together, collide ; contend, fight.

conflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
-f flo], I, a., blow up; kindle;
bring together ; cause, aea ali-
enum cdnflare, to contract debt.

conflud, -fluere, -fluxi, — , [com-
-f flud], 3, n.,flow together, flock
together, assemble,

cdnfodid, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum,
[com- + fodio], 3, a., dig up;
stab, pierce.

c5nfagi5, -fugere, -fagi, — ,
[com- 4- ftigio], 3, n., flee^ take
refuge ; have recourse, resort.

conger5, -ere, congesai, conges-
tum, [com- -f gero], 3, a., heap
together, accumulate; build, con-
struct,

congredior, -gredi, -gresaus aum,
[com- + gradior], 3, dep., n.,
meet together ; contend, join bat-
tle,

congre88UB, -as, [congredior],
m., meeting, interview; encoun-
ter,fight.

oongru5, -gruere, -gmi, — , 3,
n., coincide, agree; harmonize.

conicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,
[com- -h iaci5], 3, a., thro7v to-
gether, unite; throw, hurl; put,
place; conjecture,

coniungd, -ere, conionxi, con-
ionctnm, [com- -h iungo], 3, a.,
fasten together, join, unite.

conifLnz, or coniox, -ngis, [cf.
coniungo], m. and f., married
person, husband, wife,

coniur&tid, -onis, [coniuro], f.,
union under oath, conspiracy.

ooiiifLr&tu8, -a, -nm, [part, of
coniuro], adj., bound together by
an oath, allied, conspiring. As
subst., pi., m., conspirators.

coiiii&r5, -are, -avi, -atum, [com-
-I- iuro], I, n., swear together,
form a conspiracy, conspire.

conlaud5, -are, -avi, -atom*
[com- + laudd], i, a., praise
highly, extol.

conlSga, -ae, m., colleague, asso-
ciate.

CONLIGO

27

CONSISTO

oonligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum,
[com- + lego], 3, a., collect^ as-
semble ^ gather.

conlocd, -are, -avi, -atam, [com-
-f loco], I, a., set right, arrange ;
place, station; establish in mar-
riage.

conloquiuxn» -i, [conloqnor], n.,
conversation, conference.

conloquor, -loqoi, -loctLtus sum,
[com- -I- loquor], 3, dep., n.,
talk, confer, parley.

Conor, -ari, -atos sum, i, dep.,
a., endeavor^ attempt, try.

conqueror, -quen, -qnestns sum,
[com- -f- queror], 3, dep., n.,
complain, lament, deplore,

conquiro, -qnirere, -quisivi,
-qoisitum, [com- -f quaero], 3,
a., seek for, search for, seek out,
hunt up.

odnsaluto, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -h saluto], i, a,, greet,
salute cordially.

c5nBcendd, -scendere, -acendi,
-scensmn, [com- -|- scando], 3,
a., mount, ascend ; go on board
a ship.

c5nsoientia, -ae, [conscid], f.,
joint knowledge, knowledge shared
by others; consciousness; con-
science.

c5n8Ciacd, -ere, conscivi, consci-
tum, [com- -f- sasco], 3, a.,
approrue of, decree, determine.
mortem sibi consciscere, com-
mit suicide.

conscxibd, -sciibere, -scripsi,
-scriptum, [com- + scribo], 3,
a., write together, enroll^ enlist.

conBcriptUB, -i, [part, of con-
scribo], m., one enrolled, esp. in
the expression patres conscripti
= patres et conscripti, fathers
and elect, senators, senate.

consecro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- + sacro], i, a., dedicate,
devotCy consecrate.

cdnsSnsuB, -us, [consentid], m.,
agreement, unanimity, concord.

cdnsentio, -ire, consensi, consen-
sum, [com- + sentid], 4, n.,
agree together, be in accord;
conspire, plot.

consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
[com- -h sequor], 3, dep., a.,
follow, follow up ; overtake, come
up with; attain, acquire, get,
gain.

cdnsero, -serere, -serui, -sertum,
[com- + aerd], 3, a., connect,
join, pugnam or manus con-
serere, to join battle.

conservd, -are, -avi, -atum,
[com- -f servo], i, a., retain,
keep safe, preserve, keep.

cdnaeBBUB, -us, [cdnsidd], m.,
convention, assembly.

conBidero, -are, -avi, -atum, i,
a., look closely at, examine ; con-
sider, reflect upon.

cdn8ld5, -ndere, -sedi, -sessum,
[com- -f sido], 3, n., sit down,
be seated; settle ; encamp.

conailium, -i, [cf. c5nsul5], n.,
council, assembly; deliberation,
counsel; plan; advice; judg-
ment, wisdom, prudence.

consisto, -ere, cdnstiti, cdnsti-
tum, [com- -(- sistd], 3, n., stand

CONSOBRINUS

28

CONTINENTIA

stilly standi take position ; stop,
halt; be firm f endure f continue.

conBdbxinuB, -i, [com- + soror],
To..^ first cousin.

cdnspeotua, -us, [cdnspicid], m.,
sigktf view, e conspectu, out
of sight.

conspicid, -ere, conspexi, c5ii-
spectnm, [com- -f specid], 3, a.
and n., get sight ofi perceive, see.

coiiBpicatiB, -a, -urn, [cf. con-
spicid], adj., in view, apparent;
conspicuous, illustrious.

cdnstfins, -antis, [part, of c5n-
gto], adj., firm, constant, stead-
fast, consistent.

c5nBtanter, comp. cdnstantius,
sup. cdnstantissime, [c5n-
st&ns] , adv., firmly, steadfastly,
resolutely.

c5nBtantia, -ae, [cdnstans], f.,
firmness, steadiness ; persever-
ance; faithfulness.

cdnBtemd, -are, -avi, -atnm,
[com- -f Bterno], i, a., con-
found, terrify, affright.

cdnstitud, -ere, constitui, con-
st! tutum, [com- -I- statuo] , 3,
a. , put, place ; set in order, draw
up, form, organize ; resolve, de-
termine,

constitfitua, -a, -am, [part, of
cdnstituo], adj., appointed, ar-
ranged.

const5, -stare, -stiti, fut. part,
-statums, [com- + sto], i, n.,
agree ; stand firm, be fixed ; con-
sist of sibi cdnstare, to be con-
sistent, Impers. cdnstat, it is
agreed, it is well known.

c5iuiu68c5, -snescere, -suevi,
-saetum, [com- -|- saesco], 3,
a. and n., accustom, inure ; ac-
custom oneself, be accustomed.

c5nBuSttidd, -inia, [c5nsaetas],
f., custom, habit.

c5n8ul, -ulis, m., consul, title of
the two chief magistrates of
Rome. See note to p. 15,
1.6.

c5n8til2Lxi8, -e, [c5nsiil], adj., of
a consul, consular, of consular
rank. As subst., cdnsnlaris, -is,
m., a man of consular rank, eX'
consul.

cdnBolSLtuB, -US, [cdnsul], m.»
consulship,

c5nBuld, -ere, -ui, -turn, 3, a.
and n., take counsel, consult.

cdnaultd, -are, -avi, -atum,
[freq. of consul©], i, n. and a ,
take counsel; consult; conspire.

contemn5, -temnere, -tempsi,
-temptum. [com- + temno], 3,
a., esteem lightly y disdain, despise.

contemptor, -oris, [contemno],
m., contemner, despise r.

contendd, -ere, -tendi, conten-
tum, [com- + tendd], 3, a.,
stretch ; hasten, march rapidly ;
fight, contend, insist.

contenti5, -onis, [contendo], f.,
straining, effort; dispute, con-
troversy,

contentoa, -a, -am, [part, of
contineo], adj., satisfied, pleased,
content.

continentia, -ae, [contineiia
from contined], f., restraint,
continence, moderation.

CONTINEO

29

COPIOSE

contine5, -ere, -tinui, conten-
tum, [com- 4- teneo], 2, a.,
hold together^ contain; shut in,
keep, restrain; curb, rule.

contmgo, -ere, contigi, contac-
tum, [com- + tango], 3, a. and
n. , touch, take hold of; extend to ;
happen, fall to the lot of

continu5, [continuus], adv.,
forthwith, straightway.

continuuB, -a, -urn, [of. con-
tineo], adj., continuous^ unin-
terrupted, successive.

cdnti5, -onia, [for conventio,
from convenio], f., meeting, as-
sembly ; harangue, speech.

contrS., adv. and prep. :

(i) As adv., opposite, in front
of; face to face ; on the con-
trary,
(2) As prep., with ace. only,
against, before, opposite to,
contrary to; in reply to.

contrah5, -ere, contrazi, con-
tractnm, [com- + traho] , 3, a.,
draw together, collect.

contrSiias, -a, -urn, [contra],
adj., opposite ; contrary, opposed.

contubemailB, -is, [com- -|- ta-
berna] , m., tent-companion ;
comrade, companion.

contumSlia, -ae» f., reproach^
insult, abuse.

contundo, -ere, contudi, contu-
snm or -tansum, [com- -|- tundo] ,
3, ?L.,beat, bruise; crush, destroy.

contua, -i, m., pole, pike.

cdnAblum, -1, [com-, cf. nubd],
n., marriage, wedlock; right of
intermarriage.

conval^acd, -valescere, -valui,
— , [com- -f valeoj, 3, inch,
n., recover, grow strong, gain
strength.

convello, -ere, convelli, convol-
Bom or -valsum, [com- -f vello] ,
3, a., tear away, pluck up; shat-
ter, destroy.

oonveniSnB, -cyritia, [part, of con-
venio], adj., agreeing, consistent,
corresponding.

convenio, -ire, conveni, conven-
tum, [com- -I- venio], 4, n. and
a., come together, assemble ; agree;
meet. Impers. convenit, it is
agreed,

converto, -ere, convert!, conver-
'sum, [com- -|- verto], 3, a. and
n., turn around, turn ; change ;
of the sight, fix, rivet, attract;
use for, use as; divert, misuse.

convincd, -ere, convici, convic-
tum, [com- 4- vinco], 3, a.,
overcome, convict, refute,

convivium, -i, [com-, cf.vivo], n.,
feasting together, banquet, feast.

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum»
[com- + voco], I, a., ci^ll to-
gether, summon.

coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, [com-
-|- orior], 4, dep., n., come forth,
arise, appear.

cophinus, -i, m., basket.

copia, -ae, [co-opia, from com-
-f ops], f., abundance, abundant
supply, plenty; opportunity;
mostly in pi., resources, forces,
troops.

cdpidsS, [copidsus], adv., abun-
dantly; fluently, eloquently»

COPIOSUS

30

CRIMINOR

o5pi5BU8, [copia], adj., abun-
dant , well supplied f abounding
in,
Cdram, [com-, cf. os], adv. and
prep, with abl., before :
(i) As adv., before the eyes^pres-

entf in person.
(2) As prep., with abl. only, be-
fore , in the presence of
CoriolSnus, -i, [Corioli], m.,
CoriolanuSf surname of C.
Marcius Coriolanus. See p.
16.

Corioli, -orum, m. pi., Corioli^ a
town of Latium, about sixteen
miles southeast of Rome.

corium, -i, n., skin, hide.

ComSlius, -a, the name of a
Roman gens which contained a
number of distinguished fami-
lies. See Ginna, Lentnliis,
Scipio, Snlla. To this gens
belonged Cornelia, -ae, f., Cor-
nelia, the daughter of Scipio
Africanus the elder, and mother
of the Gracchi.

comeus, -a, -am, adj., of cornel-
wood.

comii, -tis, n., horn ; wing of an
army.

corona, -ae, f., crown, wreath.
See note to p. 16, 1. 5.

corpus, -oris, n., body ; person ;
dead body, corpse.

corrigS, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum,
[com- + rego], 3, a., make
straight; correct, improve; re-
store, calm,

corripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptnm,
[com- -f rapio], 3, a., seize.

grasp; catch up. morbo cor-
ripi, to fall sick.

oomimpd, -ere, corrupi, corrup-
tnm, [com- -h rumpo], 3, a., de-
stroy, ruin, spoil; corrupt, se-
duce, mislead.

corvQB, -i, m., raven.

c6b, cotis, i., flint-stone, whetstone.

cottSdiftnus, -a, -urn, [cottidie],
adj., of every day, daily ; usual,
ordinary, common,

CrasBiia, -1, m., Crassiis, cogno-
men, or family name, of M. Li-
cinius Crassus Dives, triumvir
with Caesar and Pompey in 60
B.C. He was defeated and slain
by the Parthians at Carrhae, B.C.

53-

crfiber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick,
frequent, numerous, abundant.

crSdo, credere, credidi, credi-
tom, 3, a. and n., give as a loan,
lend; believe in; believe, be of
the opinion, think.

crSdulit&s, -atia, [crednlns], f.,
belief, credulity.

crem5, -are, -avi, -atnm, i, a.,
burn, consume by fire.

Cremona, -ae, f., Cremona, a
town in Cisalpine Gaul, on the
Po.

cre5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
produce, create; make, choose,
elect,

crSscd, crescere, crevi, cretum,
[creo], 3, inch., n., spring up,
grow, increase.

crimiiior, -ari, -atns sum, [cri-
men], I, dep., a., accuse of com-
plain of, denounce.

CRINIS

31

CURES

crinis, -is, m., hair of the head,
hair.

cniciatus, -us, [cracid], m., tor-
ture, torment; execution,

crucio, -are, -avi, -atun, [cmx],
I, a., torture^ torment; grieve,
afflict.

crudfilis, -e, adj., rucU, unfeeling,
cruel.

crudSlitSLs, -aiis, [cradelis], f., i
cruelty.

criidSliter, [cradelis], adv., cru-
elly.

cruentas, -a, -am, [cf. craor],
adj., stained with blood, bloody.

cnunSna, -ae, f., money-bag,
purse.

craor, -oris, m., blood, gore; blood-
shed.

cruB, cruris, n., le^.

cnuc, cracis, f., gallows, cross.

B),«!

with, at the same time with ; uf
manner and circumstance, with.
In composition the form com-
is nsed.

cnin, conj., of time, when, 7vhile,
cu long as, whenever, whereas;
of cause or concession, since^ in-
asmuch as, although, cam . . .
tom, both . . . and, not only . . .
but also.

cmictatid, -onis, [canctor], f.,
delaying, lingering, hesitation,
delay.

Cmictiltor, -oris, [cancior], m.,
Cunctator, the Delayer, the Lin-
gerer, a name applied to Q. Fa-
bius Maximus. See p. 27.
' cimctor, -aii, -atos som, i, n.,

delay, linger, hesitate.
i cnpidS, [capidos], adv., eagerly.

capiditSs, -atis, [capidos], f..

crystallimiin, -i, n., (sc. vas), a \ longing, desire, eagerness, am-

vase of crystal. bition.

cnbicalmn, -i, [cab5], tl, sleep- cnpidiia, -a, -am, comp. capi-

ing-chamber, bedchamber. I dior, sup. eapidissimos, [ca-

cnbd, cabare, caboi, cabitom, ' pio], adj., longings desirous,

\, n., lie down, recline ; lie sick.^ eager ; greedy, covetous.
ovaSkB, -atis, inter, pron., whenee? cnpid, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itom, 3,

of what country ? 1 a., long for, desire, wish.

culpa, -ae, i., fault, error, blame, car, [for older qaor, from earlj

guiU.

colter, -tri, m., knife, butcher's
knife.

coltas, -OS, [colo], m., labor, care,
cultivation ; civilization, refine-
ment, luxury ; dress, attire.

Cain, prep., with abL only, with ;
of association, with^ in company
with ; of c:ompanson, with, com-
pared with; of time, together

I dat qaoi + ra] , adv., why :

(1) Interrog., why? for what
! reason ?

(2) ReL, why, wherefore, on ac-
count of which.

Cfira, -ae, f, care, anxiety; dili-
gence.

CnrSs, -ium, f. pi.. Cures, a town
of the Sahines, the birthplace of
Xuma Pompilius.

CURIA

32

DECIMUS

ciUia, -ae, f., curia, association^
one of the ten divisions of each
of the original three Roman
tribes; by metonymy, scnaU-
house, place of meeting of the
senate, either the Curia Ifostilia,
in the Forum, named from Tul-
lus Hostilius, or the Curia Pom-
peia^ in the Campus Martius.

CfiriatitiB, -1, m., Curiatius, the
name of three brothers of Alba,
who fought with the Horatii.

CttiluB, -i, m., Curiusy gentile
name of Manius Cierius Den-
tatus. See p. 23.

cflrd, -are, -avi, -atom, [cara],
I, a., care for^ take pains for,
attend to; with gerundive, see
to it that.

cumiB, -us, [cnrro], m., chariot,
car.

oursas, -ns, [curro], m., run-
ning; passage, course ; speed.

QortUis, -e, [corrus], adj., of a
chariot, sella corolis, the cu-
rule chair. See note to p. 5, 1. 7.

custddia, -ae, [costos], f., watch-
ing, guard, protection ; guard-
house, prison.

onstodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [cus-
^s], 4, a., watch, guard, defend.

onstOB, -odis, m. and f , guard,
protector.

Cyras, -i, m., Cyrus, the founder
of the Persian monarchy.

DaouB, -i, m.^ Dacian, an inhabi-
tant of Dacia, on the northern

bank of the Danube; pi., the
Dacians.
damns, -are, -aTi, -atom, [dam-
nam], i, a., judge guilty, con-
demn, sentence.
danrnnm, -i, n., hurt, damage,

injury; loss, fine.
M, prep, with abl., denoting sepa-
ration, from; of place and
motion, from, out of; of time,
after, during, in; of source,
from, out of; of cause, on ac-
count of, through; of relation,
concerning, in respect to.
dea, -ae, [deos], i., goddess.
deambald, -are, -avi, -atam,
[de + anibolo], i, n., take a
walk, promenade.
dSbed, debere, debm, debitam,
[de + habed], 2, n., withhold;
owe, be in debt, be under obliga-
tion ; ought, must, should.
dfibiliB, -e, [de-f habilis], adj.,
lame, weak, disabled, crippled,
helpless.
d6cfid5, -oedere, -cesm, -cessam,
[de -f ced5], 3, n., go away,
withdraw, cease, die.
decern, num. adj., indecl., ten.
December, -bris, -bre, [decem],
adj., of the tenth ; of the tenth
month (counting from March),
of'December.
dScemd, -ere, decrevi, decre-
torn, [de -h cerno], 3, a. and n.,
decide, determine, settle, resolve;
decree^ vote, entrust by a decree ;
contend, fight.
decimas, -a, -am, [decem], adj.,
tenth.

DECIMUS

33

DEICIO

DecimiiB, -i, abbreviated D.,
[decimus], m., Decimus^ a Ro-
man forename.

dScipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[de + capid], 3, a., catchy cheats
deceive.

d6clfir5, -are, -avi, -atum, [de,
cf. clarus], i, a., make evident,
disclose, show,

decllnd, -are, -avi, -aturn, i, a.
and n., bend aside, turn aside;
avoid, shun,

dScrStum, -i, [decemo], n., de-
cree, decision^ vote; determina-
tion.

dScurr5, -cnrrere, -cncurri or
-cuni, -carsum, [de + curro],
3, n., run doivn, hasten down;
run, hasten.

decus, -oriB, n., grace, glory,
honor, splendor.

d6cuti5, -ere, decussi, decus-
Bom, [de + quatio], 3, a., shake
off J shake down, strike off.

dSditXcins, -a, -um, [deditua]^
adj., surrendered. As subst,
dediticias, -i, m.,a captive.

d6diti5, -onis, [d&^o], i., giving
up, surrendering; surrender.

dfiditUB, -a, -nm, [part, of dedo],
adj., given up, surrendered.

d6dd, dedere, dedidi, deditum,
[de 4- do] , 3, ^.,give up, surren-
der; abandon.

d6dAc5, -ere, deduxi, dednc-
tum, [de+duc6], 3, a., lead
away, withdraw; conduct; es-
cort, attend.

defatigatio, -onis, [defatigo], f.,
weariness, fatigue, exhaustion.

d6fend5, -ere, defend!, defen-
smn, [de + fendo], 3, a., ward
off, repel; defend, protect.

dSfSnaia, -Snis, [defend6]i f-,
defending, defence.

defensor, -oris, [defends], m.,
defender, protector.

d6fer5, -ferre,-tali, -latum, [de +
fero], irr., a., bring away, carry
off, remove ; carry ; transfer, de-
liver ; drive away; give, allot,
offer ; report^ submit.

dSfoBsuB, -a, -am, [part, of defe-
tiscor], adj., worn out, weary,
exhausted.

deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectam,
[de -h facid], 3, n., withdraw,
revolt, desert; fail, disappear,
run out, give out.

d§lig5, -figere, -fixi, -fixnm,
[de-f figo], 3, a., fix, plant;
astound, strike with amazement.

dSflectd, -flectere, -flexi, -flexnm,
[de + fleets], 3, a. and n., bend
aside, avert; turn away, turn,

dSfdrmitftB, -atis, [deformis],
f., ugliness, disfigurement.

defongor, -fungi, -functus sum,
[de -h fungor] , 3, dep., n., have
done with, perform, finish ; have
done with life, die.

d6g5, degere, degi, — , [de -\-
agS], 3, a., of time, spend, pass.

dShoneBtamentuxn, -i, [deho-
nestS] ,n. disfigurement, blemish.

dShonoBtd, -are, — , — -, i, a.,
disgrace, dishonor ; disfigure.

d6ici5, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [de
-I- iaciS], 3, a., throw down,
throw; lay down; kill, destroy.

DEINCEPS

34

DEPEREO

deincepB, adv., one afterthe other^
in succession ; nexL

deinde, or dein, adv., ihent next;
thereafter^ from that time on.

dSiabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [de
-f labor], 3, dep., n., glide down ;
fall, sink, descend.

dfilectd, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
tens. of unused delicid, entice\
I, a., allure, charm, delight.

d516ctuB, -a, -urn, [part, of de-
ligd], adj., chosen, picked, choice,
select.

dSlSctuB, -OS, [deligd], m.,
choosing, picking out; levy,
draft.

dSleo, -ere, -evi, -etam, 2, a.,
erase ; blot out, destroy,

dSUber&bundus, -a, -am, [de-
libero], adj., pondering, reflect-
ing.

dSUberd, -are, -avi, -atum, [de,
cf. libra, balance'^, i, a. and n.,
weigh tvell, consider, deliberate.

d81ica.taa. -a, -am, [cf. deliciae] ,
adj. , alluring, charming, delight-
ful; given to pleasure, luxuri-
ous, effeminate.

dSliciae, -arum, [cf. delecto],
f., pi., delight, pleasure; allure-
ment; luxury.
dSligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum,
[de + lego], 3, a., choose, pick
out, select.
deligd, -are, -avi, -atam, [de +
ligo], I, a., bind together, bind
fast.
dSlitSscd, -litescere, -litoi, — ,
[de -f latesco], 3, inch., unhide
away, lie hid.

dfiinigr5, -are, -avi, -atam, [de
-(- migro], I, n., migrate, de-
part, go away.

d^missS, [demissas], adv., hum-
bly, modestly, abjectly.

dSmittd, -ere, demisi, demissom,
[de + mittd], 3, a., send down,
let down, cast down; put.

dSmoror, -an, -atas sam, [de +
moror], i, dep., a. and n., re-
tard, delay ; linger, remain.

dSmmn, [de], adv., at length, at
last, finally, tam demam, then
indeed, then at last, not till
then.

denSxiiis, -a, -am, [deni], adj.,
of ten each, worth ten asses. As
subst., denarius, -i, m., denarius,
a silver coin originally worth ten,
afterward sixteen, asses ; = about
to.16.

dSnego, -are, -avi, -atom, [de
-f nego], I, a. and n., reject, re-
fuse, deny ; say no.

dSnique, adv., and thereafter;
aftenvards, at last, finally.

dSnilntl5, -are, -avi, -atum, [de
-I- nuntio], i, a., announce,
declare, proclaim ; denounce,
threaten; order.

deosculor, -ari, -atus sum, i,
dep., a., kiss.

dSpell6,'-pellere, -puli, -pulsam,
[de 4- pello], 3, a, drive out, ex-
pel, disloc^e.

dSpereo, -perire, -perii, fut. part,
-periturus, [de -I- pereo], irr. n.,
go to ruin, perish. am5re de-
perire alicuius, to be desperately
in love with any one.

DEPONO

35

DETINEO

dfipond, -ere, deposui, deposi-
tnm, [de + pono], 3, a., lay
doztfttt set down, place ; lay aside.

dSposco, -poscere, -poposci, — ,
[de + posed], 3, a., demand^
request earnestly.

dSprecor, -ari, -atus snm, [de
+ precor], i, dep., a., avert by
prayeTy plead against ; decline.

dSprebendo, -hendere, -hendi,
-hensom, [de 4- prehendd], 3,
a., take away ; seize, catch ; sur-
prise ; detect^ discover.

d6aceiid5, -scendere, -Boendi,
-Bcensom, [de + scanddj, 3,
n., climb down, come down, de-
scend; march down ; dismount.

d6sciac5, -ere, desdvi, desci-
tum, [de-f scisco], 3, n., luith-
draWy desert, depart, rebel,

d6scrib5, -scribere, -scripsi,
-scriptnin, [de 4- scribo], 3,
a., copy offy write dawn; de-
scribe ; mark off, define.

dSserd, -serere, -semi, -sertam,
[de + sero, join\ 3, a., leave,
forsake, abandon.

desertuB, -a, -am, [part, of de-
sero], adj., deserted, desert, soli-
tary ; lonely.

dSsiderium, -1, [desiderd], n.,
longing, desire; grief, regret.

dSsiliS, -silire, -ailui, -snltum,
[de -f- salio], 4, a., leap down.

dSsino, -sinere, -sii, -sitnm, [de
-f- Bind], 3, a. and n., cease, give
up, leave off.

d6sip£6nB, -entis,[de -f sapiens],
adj., foolish, silly. As subst., m.,
crazy man, madman.

dSBisto, -sistere, -stiti, -Btitnm,
[de + sisto], 3, n., leave off^
cease, give up.

d6Bp6r&tid, -oniB, [desperd], f.,
desperation, despair.

dSBp6rd, -are, -avi, -atum, [de
+ spero], I, n. and a., be hope-
less ; despair of, give up.

dSspicid, -ere, despexi, despeo-
tum, [de + specid], 3, n. and
a., look down upon, despise, dis-
dain.

dSspdnsuB, -a, -nm, [part, of
desponded], adj., promised in
marriage, betrothed.

dSfltino, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
make fast, fix; resolve, design,
intend; assign, devote.

dSstringd, -stringere, -Btrinxi,
-strictum, [de + stringo], 3, a.,
strip off; of a sword, unsheathe,
draw.

dSBum, deesse, defai, [de -|-
Bum], irr., n., be away; be
wanting, be absent, be miss-
ing.

dSsumd, -somere, -BtLmpra, — ,
[de -h Bumo], 3, a., take, choose,
select; take upon oneself

d6Buper, [de + super], 2Av.,from
above.

dStego, -tegere, -texT, -tectum,
[de + tego], 3, a., uncover, ex-
pose ; reveal, betray.

dfiterreo, -ere, deterrui, deter-
ritum, [de -|- terreo], 2, a.,
frighten off; deter, avert.

detineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum,
[de + tened], 2, a., hold off;
cheeky hinder.

DETRAHO

36

DILIGENTER

detrahd, -ere, detraxi, detrao-
tuin, [de + trali5], 3, a., draw
off, remove, withdraw, deprive.

detrect5, -are, -avi, -atum, [de
-h tracto], i, a., decline, refuse ;
disparage,

detrimentmn, -i, [deterd, rub
away\, n., loss, damage, detri-
ment.

dens, -i, v^,,god^ deity,

dSvertd, -vertere, -verti, — ,
[de + verto], 3, n., turn away,
turn aside, betake oneself,

d6vinc5, -ere, devicn, devic-
tum, [de + vinco], 3, a., con-
quer completely, subdue, over-
throw,

dSvold, -are, — , fut. part, devo-
latorus, [de •\- volo], i, ra., fly
down ; fly away, hasten,

dexter, -tera or -tra, -termn or
-tram, adj., to the right, on the
right; skilful. As subst., dex-
tera, -ae, f., (sc. manus), the
right hand.

diadSma, -atis, n., diadem, royal
crown.

Diiuia, -ae, f., Diana, an ancient
Italian goddess of the moon,
later identified with the Greek
Artemis, goddess of the chase.

dicid, -onifl, [cf. died], f., only
sing., nom. not found, dominion,
sovereignty, sway, suae dicio-
nis facere, to bring under one's
sway,

dlc5, dicere, dixi, dictum, 3, a.
and n., say, speak; tell, name,
call; mean; appoint, ius dicere,
administer justice, hold court.

diotfttor, -5ris, [dicto], m., dic-
tator, a Roman magistrate of
unlimited power, at first ap-
pointed only in great emergen-
cies. See note to p. 27, 1. 25.

dictfttclra, -ae, [dictator], f.,
office of dictator, dictatorship,

dictitd, -are, -avi, -atom, [died],
I, intens., a., say often, assert,
insist.

diotam, -i, [dioo], n., saying,
word, remark; command,

diduc5, -ducere, -duzi, -ductmii,
[di- -f- dac5], 3, a., draw apart,
separate, sever, part, os dida-
cere, to open the mouth,

diSs, di^, m., sometimes f. in
sing., day; appointed time,
diem dicere alicoi, to bring a
complaint against, arraign, in
dies, from day to day,

dilflciliB, -e, comp. difficilior,
sup. difficillimus, [dis- + faci-
lia], adj., hard, difficult; trouble-
some ; morose, ill-natured, surly,

dittlciUter, [difficilis], adv., with
difficulty.

dittlcult&B, -atis, [difficilis], f.,
difficulty^ distress, need,

diffido, -fidere, -^sos sum, [dis-
+ fid6], 3, semi-dep., n., dis-
trust, be distrustful of,

dignity, -atis, [dignus], f.,
worth, merit; rank, eminence ;
reputation, honor.

dIgnuB, -a, -mn, adj., worthy, de-
serving; proper, becoming.

dnigenter, comp. diligentiuB,
sup. diligentissime [dUigens],
adv., industriously, assiduously.

DILIGENTIA

37

DISPUTO

dXligentia, -ae, [dUigens], f.,
attentivenessj diligence, indus-
try,

diligd, -ligere, -lezi, -lectnm,
[di- + leg6], 3, a., single out;
value, prize, lave.

dllucSflKsd, -Inoescere, -loxi, — ,
3, inch., n., grow light, dawn,

dimicfttifi, -onis, [cUmico], f.,
fight, struggle; contest.

dimicd, -are, -avi, -atnin, i, n.,
fi^^, struggle, contend.

dimittd, -ere, dimicd, duniasam,
[di- H- mittd], 3, a., send in
different directions, dismiss.

dlrigd, -ere, -rexi, -rectav, [de
+ regd], 3, a., direct, sUer.

dizimd, -imere, -emi, -emptani,
[dis- -\- eino], 3, a., take apart,
separate ; interrupt, break off.

dZripid, -ripere, -ripui, -reptnin,
[di- + rapid] , 3, a., tear asun-
der ; plunder, pillage ; take away.

dXnxd, -mere, -mi, -mtom, [di-
-f rnd], 3, a., tear asunder;
overthrow, demolish, destroy.

die, ditis, n. dite, comp. ditior,
sup. ditiesimiui, [cf. dives],
adj., rich, wealthy, opulent.

dis- or dX-, inseparable prep.,
apart, asunder, in different di-
rections ; not, un^; utterly, en-
tirely.

diflcSdd, -cedere,-ce«n, -cessom,
[dis- -I- cede], 3, n., go apart,
separate; go away, withdraw;
come off, remain ; give up, resign.
discerpd, -ere, discerpsi, dia-
cerptnm, [dis- -|- carp5], 3, a.,
tear in pieces, rend, mangle.

discipiilaB, -i, [discd], m.,
learner, scholar, pupil, fol-
lower.

diaco, difloere, didio, — , 3, a.,
learn, become acquainted with ;
learn how.

discximen, -inis, [diBcemd], n.,
intervening spcue ; difference;
turning-point, decision; crisis,
peril.

disciiXTfi, -cnrrere, -cncorri or
-carri, -corsnin, [dia- -|- curro],
3, n., run different ways, run
about; wander, roam.

diacatid, -ere, discoBai, diaena-
anm, [dia- -|- qnatid], 3, a.,
strike asunder; remove, dispel;
scatter, disperse; destroy.

disertaa, -a, -am, comp. diaer-
tior, sup. diaertiaaimna, [part,
of diaaero], adj., skilful; clear,
well-spoken, fluent.

diapSnafttor, -dria, [diapena5],
m., steward, attendant; treas-
urer.

dlapici5, -ere, diapexi, diapec-
tnin, [di- -I- apecid], 3, n. and
a., descry, perceive; consider, re-
flect upon.

diapliced, -ere, -ni, -itam, [dia-
-I- placed], 2, n., displease, be
unsatisfactory.

diapon5, -ere, diaposoi, dia-
positom, [dia--|-p5no], 3, a.,
place here and there; array,
arrange ; adjust, order, dis-
pose.

diaputS, -are, -avi, -atum, [dia-
+ puto], I, n., weigh, examine,
discuss; argue.

DISSENSIO

38

DOLOSE

cllsB6nBi5, -onis, [dissentid], f.,

disagreement ; strife.

di8senti5, -ire, dissensi, dia-
sensnm, [dig- -|- sentio], 4, n.,
differ ^ disagree^ dissent.

disserd, -serere, -serai, -sertnin,
[dia- -I- sero], 3, n., argue ^ dis-
cuss ; speak, treat.

diBBimilis, -e, [dia- -|- similis],
adj., dissimilar, different.

diB8lmilitiid5, -inis, [diasimi-
lia], f., unlikeness, difference.

diaaimiil5, -are, -avi, -atom,
[dia- + aimalo], i, a. and n.,
make unlike, disguise; dissem-
ble, conceal; disregard, ignore.

diasipo, -are, -avi, -atiiiii, i, a.,
spread abroad, scatter ; destroy,
squander, dissipate ; disperse,
disseminate.

dissuaded, -ere, diaanau, dia-
aaasum, [dia--f anadeo], 2, n.,
advise against, dissuade.

distraho, -ere, diatraxi, dis-
tractum, [dia- -f traho], 3, a.,
pull asunder, divide; tear away,
separate; estrange.

diatribuo, -ere, diatriboi, dia-
tributum, [dia- -f- tribno] , 3,
a., divide, distribute, apportion,
spread.

ditior, ditiaaimua, see dis.

dit5, -are, -avi, -atum, [dia], i,
a., enrich.

diu, comp. diatiaa, sup. diatis-
aime, [cf. diea], adv., by day,
all day ; a long time, long.

difitumus, -a, -um, [din], adj.,
of long duration, long; linger-
ing, prolonged.

dlversas, -a, -um, [part, of di-
vert©], adj., turned different
ways, opposite, contrary; sepa-
rate, different, iu diveraa,
apart, asunder.

dives, -itia, no n. pi. nom. or
ace, [cf. dia], adj., rich, wealthy.

dlvid5, -videre, -vial, -visum,
3, a., divide, force asunder,
part; distribute, share.

dIvXnitus, [divinua], 2Ay., from
heaven, by divine influence, by
inspiration ; marvellously.

dlvlhus, -a, -um, [divus], adj.,
of a god, godlike, divine,

dlvus, -a, -um, adj., of a deity,
godlike ; deified^ sainted, a term
applied to Julius Caesar and to
many of the Roman emperors,
after death.

d5, dare, dedi, datum, i, 2..,hand
over, surrender ; give, present.
poenaa dare, to suffer punish-
ment.

doce5, docere, docui, doctum,'
2, a., cause to know, teach, in-
struct ; show, tell.

doctor, -6ria,[doce6],m.,/^afA^r,
instructor.

doctxlha, -ae, [doceo], f., teach-
ing, instruction; learning.

doctas, -a, -um, comp. doctior,
sup. doctissimua, [part, of do-
ceo], adj., learned, skilled, expe-
rienced.

dolor, -oria, [doleo], m., pain,
smart; trouble, affliction.

dolosS, [doloana], adv., craftily,
deceitfully; with intent to de-

DOMICILIUM

39

DYRRACHIUM

domlcilium, -i, [domns], n., hab-
itation^ dwelling; dwelling-place.

domin&tid, -onis, [dominor], f.,
rule^ dominion^ supremacy ^ des-
potism,

dominatas, -as, [dominor], m.,
rule, command, mastery.

dominor, -an, -atas sum, [do-
minoa], i» dep., n., be lord,
rule, have dominion,

dominus, -i, [domd], m., master,
ruler, lord.

dom5, -are, domni, domitum,
I, a., domesticate; tame, subdue,
master.

domtw, -OB, f, house, dwelling,
home. Loc. domi, at home. Ace.
domuni, homewards, home, to the
house.

donatlvum, -i, [dono], n., lar-
gess, gift, distribution of money.

ddnec, conj., as long as, while,
until.

d5]id, -are, -avi, -atam, [do-
num], I, a., give as a present,
present, bestow.

ddntim, -i, n., gift, present, re-
ward.

dormid, -ire, -ivi, -itam, 4, n.,
sleep.

dorsiun, -i, n., back of a beast
of burden ; range, ridge, cliff.

dOB, dotis, f., marriage portion,
dowry.

ddtfllis, -e, [doB], adj., of a
doivry, given as a dowry, do-
talia dona, wedding presents.

dubit5, -are, -avi, -atam, [du-
bius], I, n. and a., waver, be
in doubt; hesitate ; deliberate.

dubiuB, -a, -nm, adj., doubtful,
uncertain, undecided ; critical.

ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., two
hundred.

dfico, dncere, dnxi, ductnin, 3,
a., lead, conduct, guide, direct;
prolong; consider, reckon. uz5-
rem dncere, in matrimonium
dncere, marry.

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet; agreeable,
pleasant.

dum, conj., while, as long as,
until; provided, if only,

dmnxnodo, [dum -f modo], conj.,
provided, if only.

duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two;
both.

duodecim, [dno + decem], num.
adj., twelve.

duodfini, -ae, -a, [cf. dnodecim],
num. adj., twelve each, twelve
apiece,

duplex, -icis, [dno, cf. plied],
adj., double, twofold.

dupllc5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [du-
plex], I, a., double, repeat, mul-
tiply by two.

duro, -are, -avi, -atum, [durns],
I, a. and n., make hard, harden ;
endure, hold out, continue,

dtlruB, -a, -nm, adj., hard; rough,
rude, uncultivated; pitiless, un-
feeling, cruel.

dux, dncis, [cf. dnco], m., leader,
conductor, guide; commander,
general,

Dyrrachium, -i, n., Dyrrachium,
formerly called Epidamnus, a
town in lUyria, nearly opposite
Brundisium.

40

EICIO

6, prep., see ex.

ecquidi inter, adv., at aUf merely
emphasizing the question, and
often not translated in words.

6dlc5, -dicere, >dixi, -dictum,
[e+dieo], 3, a., declare^ pub-
lish, make known, announce.
diem edicere, to appoint a day,

Sdlctum, -1, [edico], n., procla-
mation, edict.

ed5, -ere, eai, esnm, 3, a., ecU,
consume.

6d5, edere, edidi, editnm, [e +
do], 3, a., give out, put forth ;
give hirth to, bear ; publish, an^
nounce; perform, perpetrate.

6doce5, -docere, -docni, -doctom,
[e -I- doceo], 2, a., teach thor-
oughly, instruct, teach,

6ducftti5, -onis, [ednco], f., rear-
ing, training, education.

6dtLc5, -ducere, -dozi, -dnctum,
[e + ducd], 3, a., lead forth,
lead out; bring up, rear.

6duc5, -are, -avi, -atom, [e, cf.
dtico], I, a., bring up, rear,
train, educate,

efffiminfttas, -a, -nm, [part, of
efiemino, from ex and femina],
adj., womanish, effeminate,

efferfttoa, -a, -am, [part, of ef-
fero], adj., wild, savage, fierce.

eUeid, -ferre, extuli, elatum,
[ex-f-fero], irr., a., carry out,
take away ; raise, lift; elate.

effer5, -are, -avi, -atum, [effe-
rua, savage"], I, a., make wild,
make savage.

efficiS, -ficere, -fea, -fectom,
[ex -I- facio], 3, a., work out;
bring to pass; make, cause, effect,

effl&gitd, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-I- flag^to], I, a., demand earn-
estly, solicit, insist.

eifodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum,
[ex + fodio], 3, a., dig out, dig
up, excavate, oculum effodere
alicui, to put out one's eye,

effagi5, -fugere, -fugi, — , [ex -|-
fugid], 3, n. and 9.., flee away,
escape ; avoid, shun,

eifund5, -fuudere, -fudi, -fusom,
[ex -I- fiindo], 3, a., pour out,
shed, spread abroad; throng;
squander, lavish, waste,

effdsaa, -a, -um, [part, of ef-
fundo], Sid)., poured out; unre-
strained, lavish,

ege5, egere, egui, — , 2, n., b^
lacking; be needy, be in want,
be poor ; lack, need.

Egeria, -ae, f., Egeria, one of the
Camenae, or Muses, from whom,
according to the legend, Numa
received counsel.

figredior, egredi, egressus sum,
[e + gradior], 3, dep., n., go
out, march out, go away ; disetn-
bark,

SgregiS, [egregius], adv., excel-
lently^ exceedingly, singularly.

ggregius, -a, -um, [e, grex],
adj., select, extraordinary; dis-
tinguished, excellent,

Sici5, eicere, eieci, eiectum, [e +
iacio], 3, a., cast out; drive out,
expel; cast ashore, ae eicere, to
rushforth.

ELABOR

41

EPULOR

61&bor, elabi, elapsus snm, [e +
labor], 3, dep,, n., slip away,
glide off; escape.

Slaboro, -are, -avi, -atnm, [e +
laboro], i, a. and n., labor, en-,
deavor ; work out,

filanguSsco, elanguescere, elan-
gui,— , 3, inch., n., grow faint;
faily slacken.

nktaa, -a, -am, [part, of effero],
adj., exalted, lofty, hi^; elated.

filSctid, -onis, [electns], f., choice,
selection.

61eg&n8, -antis, [for eligens,
part, of eligd], adj., accustomed
to select, nice, fastidious ; select,
elegant.

Sleganter, [elegans], adv., with
good judgment, judiciously ; ele-
gantly.

Slegantia, -ae, [elegans], f.,
taste, propriety, grace, elegance.

elephantus, -i, nom. sing, usu-
ally elephas or elephans,
[-antis], m., elephant.

Slicio, elicere, elicni, — , [e-l-
unused lacio], 3, a., draw out,
lure out, elicit; call down from
heaven, evoke.

§lid5, elidere, elisi, elisnm, [e +
laedo], 3, a., strike out, dash out;
shatter, crush.

Wgo, eligere, elegi, electum,
[e + lego], 3, a., pick out;
choose, select.

filoquentia, -ae, [eloqaens], f.,
eloquence.

fimineo, -minere, -minui, — , 2,
n., stand out, project ; be promi-
nent, be conspicuous.

Smitt5, emittere, emisi, emis-
sum, [e + mitto], 3, a., send
out, send forth; drive, hurl;
let loose; give utterance to.

em5, emere, emi, emptum, 3, a.,
buy, purchase ; acquire, obtain.

§n, interj., A? .' behold! see!

enim, conj., postpositive, for, be-
cause ; namely y in fact.

Suited, enitere, enitui, — , 2, n.,
shine forth; be eminent, be dis-
tinguished.

§mtor, eniti, enizus or enisns
sum, [e + niter], 3, dep., n.,
force a way up, mount; make an
effort, strive.

Snsia, -is, m., two-edged sword,
sword.

eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, irr., n., go ;
walk^ ride, march, move.

eo, [cf. is], adv., on that account;
to that place, thither ; to that
degree, so far.

EphesiuB^ -a, -um, adj., of Ephe-
sus, Epnesian.

EphesuB, -i, ['E<^€(ro$], f., Ephesus,
a celebrated Ionian city on the
western coast of Asia Minor,
celebrated for its magnificent
temple of Artemis (Diana).

epigramma, -atis, [^7r/7pa/i/Aa],

_ n,, inscription; epigram, poem.

ESpiniB, -i, ["Hirctpos], m., Epirus,
a country northwest of Greece
and west of Thessaly.

epistula or epistola, -ae, [^i-
o-ToXiJ], f., letter, epistle.

epulor, -ari, -atus sum,* [epu-
lum], I, dep., n., feast, banquet^
dine.

EQUES

42

EX

eques, -itis, m., horseman, rider ;

cavalryman ; knight, member of

the equestrian order. See note

to p. 4, 1. 14.
equester, -tris, -ire, [eques],

adj., of a horseman, equestrian ;

of cavalry, cavalry-; of the

knights,
equit5, -are, -avi, -atum,[eqae8],

I, n., ride.
equus, -i, m., horse, steed,
SrSctuB. -a, -am, [part, of erigo],

adj., directed upwards, upright,

erect: lofty, noble.
ergS, prep, with ace, towards^ to,

with respect to.
erg5, adv., consequently, there-
fore.
6rig5, erigere, ereu, erectom,

[e + rego], 3, a., raise up,

erect; rouse, stir up.
error, oris, [cf. erro], m., wan-
dering, straying: error, mistake.
Srubfisco, ernbescere, emboi,

— , 3, inch., n., grow red, blush ;

feel ashamed.
6rudi5, -ire, -ivi, -itom, [e, ru-

dis], 4, 2^., polish; educate, in-
struct.
Snimpd, erumpere, erupi, emp-

tam, [e + rumpd], 3, a. and n.,

cause to break out ; break out,

burst forth.
6ruo, eruere, emi, eratnin, [e +

Ttto], 3, a., cast forth, throio out ;

destroy utterly.
6Bca, -ae, i.,food, bait.
BBquilinua, -i, m. , (sc. mdns) , the

Esquiline Hill, the largest of the

seven hills of Rome.

et, adv. and conj.

(i) As adv., abo, too, even.
(2) As conj., and, and yet, but.
et . . . et, both . . . and.

etiam, [et + iaiki], adv. and conj.,
and also, also, even.

EtrfLrla, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun-
try in Italy, northwest of Rome;
modern Tuscany.

Etruaci, -orum, m., pi., the Etrus-
cans, Tuscans, the inhabitants of
Etruria.

etal, [et + si], conj., although,
even if, and yet.

EurlpidSa, -is, m., Euripides, a
great tragic poet of Athens, bom
480 B.C., died 406.

Europa, -ae, f., Europe.

Svftd5, evadere, evasi, evasurn,
[e ■\- vado], 3, n., go away, go
forth ; get away, escape.

Sveho, evehere, evexi, evectum,
[e + veho], 3, a., carry out;
lift, raise, elevate.

Sveni5, evenire, eveni, eventum,
[e -I- venio], 4, n., come out,
come forth ; come to pass, happen.

SventuB, -us, [evenio], m., out-
come, result; occurrence, acci-
dent, event.

Sverto, evertere, everil, ever-
sum, [e -f verto], 3, a., wer-
turn, overthrow; destroy, ruin.

6voc5, -are, -avi, -atom, [e-|-
voco], I, a., call out, call forth,
summon, evoke.

ez, before consonants often 6,
prep., with abl. only, out of , out
from ; of place, from, out of;
of time, from, since ; of source

EXAMINO

43

EXHAURIO

and material, ^^»7, of; of cause,
from^ by reason of; of measure
and correspondence, according
tOy withy inj by, on.

ex&min5, -are, -avi, -atani, i,
a., weigh, ponder, consider ; ex-
amine, test.

ezanimS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
animus, from ex + anima,
breath'\, I, 9k.,ptU out of breath,
kill.

ezSrdSflK25, -eTe^exarsi, exar-
sam, [ex + ardescd], 3, inch.,
n,, blaze out; be provoked, rage.

exaro, -are, -avi, -atam, [ex-f
aro], I, a., plough out; raise ;
compose.

ezaspero, -are, -avi, -atom, [ex,
asper], i, 2L.,make rough; irri-
tate, provoke, exasperate.

ezandio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex -f
audio], 4, a., hear clearly, dis-
tinguish ; discern, hear.

excSdo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum,
[ex -I- cedo], 3, n., go out, go
forth, depart, withdraw ; go be-
yond, surpass.

ezcelsus, -a, -um, adj., lofty, ele-
vated, high ; distinguished, noble.
As subst., excelsum, -1, n., an
elevated station, height.

ezcerpo, -ere, excerpsi, excerp-
tum, [ex + carp6], 3, d^.f pluck
out, extract: choose, select.

ezciditiin, -i,n., overthrow; ruin,
destruction.

ezcipld, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[ex -f capio], 3, a., take out,
withdraw ; rescue ; receive, cap-
ture, take.

ezcito, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of excio], I, a., call forth, bring
forth ; rouse, excite.

ezclfimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-f clamo], I, n., call out, cry
aloud, exclaim.

ezcludd, -ere, excluai, exclu-
sum, [ex -f claudo], 3, a., shut
out, exclude.

ezcolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum,
[ex + C0I6], 3, a., cultivate, im-
prove; ennoble, refine.

ezcubiae, -arum, [ex -f- cubo],
f., pi., lying out on guard, watch-
ing; watch, watchman.

ezcfis&tdo, -onis, [excuse], f.,
excuse.

ezcuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex,
causa], I, a., excttse, make ex-
cuse for.

ezcutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussum,
[ex-f quatio], 3, a., shake out,
cast off, remove.

ezemplum, -i, n. , specimen, copy,
example y precedent, boni ex-
empli servi, slaves of high char-
acter.

ezeo, -ire, ^ii, -itum, [ex -}- eo],
irr., n., go outage away, retire;
march out ; pass away, perish;
turn out, result.

ezerceo, -cere, -cui, -citum, [ex
■\- arceo], 2, a., drive, keep busy ;
exercise, employ, drill.

ezercituB, -us, [exerceo], m.,
disciplined body of men, army.

ezhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaus-
tum, [ex -h haurio], 4, a., dra^u
out, empty, exhaust ; bring to an
end.

EXHIBEO

44

EXPUGNO

exhibed, -ere, exhibni, ezhibi
tun, [ez + habeo], 2, a., hold
forthf present ; show^ display ^ex'
kibiU

ezhorrfiscd, -ere, exhorrui, — ,
[ex + horresco], 3, inch., n.
and a., tremble ^ shudder^ be
afraid^ shrink from,

exig5, -igere, -egi, -actum, [ex
+ ago], 3, a., drive out, expel;
finish ; pass, spend; consider,

exiguuB, -a, -am, adj., scanty,
small, short, brief; poor.

ezimiuB, -a, -um, [cf. eximo],
adj., taken out; select, choice; dis-
tinguished, excellent, remarkable.

ezim5, -imere, -emi, -emptnm,
[ex + emo], 3, a., take out, re-
move ; free, release, deliver.

ezlatiino, -are, -avi, -atom, [ex
-I- aestimd], i, a., estimate,
value ; judge, think, suppose,

ezitium, -i, [exe5], n., destruc-
tion, ruin, mischief, death.

ezltaa, -us, [exeo], m., going
out, departure; close, conclu-
sion; end of life, death,

ez5rdium, -i, [exordior], n., be-
ginning.

ezorior, -onri, -ortus sum, [ex
-f- orior], 4, dep., n., come forth,
rise, appear; begin,

ezpedi5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex,
pes], 4, a., disengage, let loose,
set free; prepare, procure.

ezpello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum,
[ex H- pello], 3, a., drive out,
expel.

expends, -ere, expend!, expen-
sum, [ex -f- pend5], 3, a., weigh

out, wetgh; pay out; estimate,
judge.

experlmentum, -i, [experior],
n., proof test, experiment.

ezperior, -periri, -pertus sum,
4, dep., a., try, prove, test; ex-
perience, know by experience.

ezpet5, -ere, expetivi, expeil-
tum, [ex-l-peto], 3, a., seek
after; aim at; demand, desire,
ask.

eacpi5, -are, 4lvi, -atum, i, a.,
make amends for, atone for;
avert, counteract an evil omen;
compensate,

ezpled, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex -|-
pleo] , 2, a. , /// up, fill full; sup-
ply, make good.

expl5rator, -dris, [expldrd], m.,
explorer, spy, scout.

expono, -ere, exposui, exposi-
tum [ex -I- pono], 3, a., set
forth, exhibit ; land, disembark;
abandon, expose ; relate, explain.

exposed, -poscere, -poposci, — ,
[ex + posco], 3, a., ask ur-
gently, request, demand,

expoidtid, -onis, [expend], f.,
setting forth, narration; expos-
ure, abandonment.

exprimd, -ere, expressu, expres-
sum, [ex -f premo], 3, a., press
outj force out; utter, express,
portray.

exptLgnatl5, -onis, [expugnd],
f., taking by storm, storming;
winning over by entreaties.

exptlgnd, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex
-}- pugnd], I, a., take by storm,
capture.

EXQUIRO

45

FABRICIUS

•zquiro, -ere, exqoinvi, ezqni-
sitnm, [ex + quaero], 3, a.,
search oui, seek diligently; in-
quire, ask.

ezquiidtaa, -a, -um, [part, of
exquiro], adj., carefully sought
out, choice, exquisite,

exfjillnm, -i, [exsul], n., banish-
ment, exile.

eacsistS, -sistere, -stiti, — , [ex
+ sistd], 3, n., step out, come
forth ; arise, become, come to be /
exist, be,

ezspect&tio, -onis, [exspecto],
f., awaiting, expecting, anticipa-
tion; longing, desire.

ezspectOi -are, -avi, -atom, i,
a., look out for, await, expect;
wait, wait to see.

ezapiro, -are, -avi, -atom, [ex
+ spiro], I, a. and n., breathe
out, exhale; breathe on^s last,
expire, perish.

ezatiiigu5, -stinguere, exstinxi,
exstinctum, [ex -f stingad,
quench"], 3, a., put out, extin-
guish ; kill, destroy.

ezatd, -stare, — , — , [ex + sto],
I, n., stand out, stand forth;
exist, be.

ezstruOy -ere, exstrdxi, ex-
strtLctum, [ex + stmo], 3, a.,
pile up, heap up, build.

ezsult5, -are, -avi, — , [freq. of
exsilio], I, n., leap up; exult,
delight in ; boast.

6Zterre5, -ere, extermi, exter-
ritam, [ex -f- terreo], 2, a.,
strike with terror, terrify, af-
fright.

exter or eztenis, -a, -nin, adj.,
on the outside, foreign, strange.
Comp. exterior, -ns, outer, ex-
terior. Sup. extremus, -a, -nin,
outermost, last, last fart of

extimSsco, -timescere, -timni,
— , [ex -f timesco], 3, inch., n.
and a., be greatly terrified; fear
greatly.

eztoll5, -toUere, — , — , [ex-|-
toUo], 3, a., lift up, exalt;
praise, extol.

extra, [exter], adv. and prep.:
(i) As adv., on the outside, with-
out.
(2) As prep, with ace. only, out-
side of beyond, except.

extrahS, -ere, extraxi, extrac-
tum, [ex-f trah5], 3, a., draw
out, pull out-; protract, pro-
long.

extraSrdln&riuB, -a, -am, [extra
-f- ordinariuB, from ordo], adj.,
out of the common order, ex-
traordinary, uncommon.

extrfimua, -a, -um, see exter.

exuo, -nere, -ui, -ntum, 3, a.,
draw out, pull off; strip, despoil.

faber, -bri, [cf. facio], m., work-
man, smith, carpenter,

FabiuB, -a, the name of a dis-
tinguished Roman gens. See
M&ximuB.

Fabricius, -i, m., Fabricius, gen-
tile name of C, Fabricius LuS'
cinus.

FABRICO

46

FAUSTULUS

fabric5, -ixe, -avi, -atam, [cf.
faber], i, a., maJke, build, con-
strucL

fftbula, -ae, [cf. for, speak\ f.,
narration^ story ; play ; fable.

facStfi, [facetns], adv., wittily.

fac^tus, -a, -11111, adj., witty, hu-
morous,

faclnus, -oris, [cf. facio], n., deed,
action ; bad deed^ crime.

faci5, facere, feci, factum, 3, a.
and n., make; do, perform;
bring about, cause; choose, ap-
point; grant. Pass, fio, fieri,
factus sam, be done; happen,
become,

factio, -onis, [cf. facio] , f., par-
tisanship, faction.

factum,-!, [factus, part, of facio],
n., deedy act.

facultas, -atis, [facilis], f., capa-
bility, skill; opportunity ; suffi-
cient number, abundance.

fftcundia, -ae, [facundus], f.,
eloquence, fluency.

FalemuB, -a, -um, adj., Faler-
nian, of the Ager Falernus, a
district in Campania famous for
its wine.

fSLma, -ae, [cf. for, speak], f., re-
port, rumor, tradition; public
opinion, fame, reputation.

faxnSs, -is, f., hunger ; famine,
want.

faxnilia, -ae, [famulus, servant],
(., slaves in a household, family
servants ; estate ; family, house.

famili&riB, -e, [familia], adj., of
a house or household: familiar,
intimate, res familiaris, prop-

erty. As subst., familiaris, -is,
m., friend, intimate acquaint-
ance,

faxniliarit&s, -tatis, [familiaris],
f., familiarity, intimacy, friend-
ship,

ffimoBUB, -a, -um, [fama], adj.,
much talked of, famed, re-
nowned,

faxnula, -ae, f., [famulus, ser-
vant], f., maid-servant, hand-
maid,

finum, -i, [cf. for, speak], n.,
shrine, sanctuary, temple.

fascis» -is, m., bundle, faggot ; pi.,
thQ fasces, a bundle of rods tied
about an axe, carried before the
highest Roman magistrates as a
symbol of authority.

fftail, -drum, [fastus, sc. dies],
m., register of court days, cal-
endar, annals,

fastaa, -a, -um, [fas], adj., not
forbidden ; hence with dies, court
day. See note to p. 5, 1. 22.

fataiis, -e, [fatum] , adj., of fate,
fated : fatal ; deadly, destructive.

fateor, fat§ri, fassus sum, [for],
2, dep., a., confess, acknowledge.

fatfgS, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, a.,
fatigue, weary; torment, vex,
harass.

fStum, -i, [for], n., utterance,
oracle, prediction; destiny, fate.

faucfis, -ium, f., pi., throat; nar-
row way, pass.

FauatoluB, -i. [dim. of faustus],
m., Faustulns, name of the shep-
herd who found and reared Rom-
ulus and Remus.

FAUSTUS

47

FIO

FaustUB, -i, [faveo], m., Famtus^
the Lucky, surname of a son of
Sulla.

FauBta, -ae, [faveo], f., Fausta,
the Lucky, surname of a daugh-
ter of Sulla.

faveo, fa vera, favi, fut. part, fau-
tums, 2, n., be favor able, favor,
be propitious.

favor, -5riB, [faveo], m., favor,
good-will.

fax, facis, [cf. facio], f., torch,
firebrand.

iSUz, -icifl, adj., fruitful; favor-
able, propitious; lucky, fortur
nate. As subst., m., surname
of L. Cornelius Sulla,

fSmina, -ae, i., female, woman.

femur, -oris or -inis, n., thigh.

ferS, adv., almost, about; usu-
ally.

ferxn§, [for ferime, sup. of fere] ,
adv., about, almost; usually.

ferS, ferre, tuli, latam, irr., a.
and n., bear, carry ; lead ; bring
forth, produce ; endure, suffer ;
report, tell ; allow, permit; pass.,
he borne, rush, leges ferre, to
propose laws.

ier6x, -ocis, [cf. ferns], adj.,
wild, bold; confident, high-
spirited; courageous, warlike.

ferreus, -a, -um, [fermm], adj.,
made of iron, iron ; hard, cruel;
firm, enduring.

femun, -i, n., iron; by me-
tonymy, iron tool, sword, axe.

ferns, -a, -nm, adj., 7vild, un-
tamed; uncultivated; waste,
desolate ; savage, barbarous.

f 688118, -a, -um, adj., wearied,
tired, fatigued; weak, infirm,
feeble.

fesHn&tiS, -onis, [festino], f.,
hastening; haste, speed.

featond, -are,' -avi, -atom, i, n.
and a., hasten, make haste; do
speedily.

fStiSlis, -e, adj., speaking, nego-
tiating. As subst., (sc. sacer-
dos), treaty-priest, who made
declarations of war and treaties
of peace.

fideiis, -e, [fides], z.6:]., faithful,
trustworthy.

fideliter, [fidelis], adv., faith-
fully.

FidSnatSa, -inm, m., inhabitants
of Fidenae, a town on the
Tiber, about five miles north of
Rome.

fidSa, fide or fidei, f., trust, faith,
belief; pledge ; good faith.

fiducia, -ae, [fidus], f., trust,
confidence, reliance ; self-confi-
dence, courage, boldness.

filia, -ae, [Hlias], f., daughter.

fiOiuB, -i, m., son.

fingo, fingere, finxi, fictam, 3,
a., touch, handle ; form, fash-
ion; think; devise, feign.

fbiio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [finis], 4,
a., limit, bound ; end; finish.

finia, -is, m., boundary, limit ; ter-
ritory,

fTnitimua, -a, -um, [finis], adj.,
bordering on, neighboring. As
subst., finitimi, -6mm, m., pi.,
neighbors.

fio, fieri, factus sum, see faci5.

FIRMO

48

FORTUNA

flrm5, -are, -avi, -ata]n,[f irmoa],
I, a., make strongs strengthen;
encourage.

flrmus, -a, -um, adj., strongs pew-
erful; firm, trusty^ faithful.

flftgitd, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a^
demand urgently^ require^ so-
licit,

fl&men, -inis, m.y priest^ flamen.
See note to p. 5, 1. 6.

FUUninioB, -i, m., Flaminius,
gentile name of C Flaminius,
defeated and slain by Hannibal
at Lake Trasimenus in 217 B.C.

flamma, -ae, f., blazing fire, blaze,
flame.

flfibilis, -e, [fleo] , adj., to be wept
over, deplorable; weeping, dole-
ful.

flfibiliter, [fiebilis], adv., mourn-
fully, dolefully.

fleets, fiectere, flexi, fiezmn, 3,
a. and n., bend, turn ; persuade,
influence.

fle5, flere, flevi, fletum, 2, a. and
n., weep ; weep for, bewail.

florSna, -entis, [part, of flore5],
adj., blooming, flourishing, excel-
lent, fldrens iuventa, youthful
beauty.

floreo, -ere, florui, — , [flos,
flower'\, 2, n., bloom, blossom;
flourish, be prosperous, be suc-
cessful.

fluctOB, -us, [cf. fluoj m., flood,
tide^ wave, billow ; commotion.

flumen, -inis, [cf. fluo], n., flow-
ing stream, river.

fluviuB, -i, [cf. fluo], m., river,
stream.

focua, -1, m., fireplace, hearth.
foedS, [foedus], adv., foully,

basely.
foederfttuB, -a, -um, [cf. foedua],

adj., leagued, allied.
foedua, -a, -um, adj., foul, filthy,

ugly; shameful.
foedua, -eris, [cf. fido], n.,

league, treaty ; agreement.
f5na, fontis, m., spring, fountain ;

origin.
forfta, [cf. foris], adv., out of

doors, forth, out.
foria, -is, f., door, gate; ^\., fold-
ing-door, entrance.
foria, [foris J, adv., out of doors,

abroad,
fdrma, -ae, t, form, shape, figure ;

beauty.
formidolSaua, -a, -um, [for-

mido, dread "}, adj., producing

fear, dreadful, terrible.
fora, fortis, f., found only in nom.

and abl., chance, hap, hazard;

good fortune.
fortaaae, adv., perhaps, possibly,
forte, [abl. of fors], adv., by

chance, accidentally, as it hap-
pens.
fortia, -e, adj., strong, powerful;

brave, courageous.
fortiter, comp. fortius, sup. for-

tissime, [fortis], adv., bravely,

boldly.
fortitild5, -inis, [fortis], f.,

strength ; bravery, resolution,

courage,
fortOna, -ae, [fors], i., chance,

luck, fortune ; good-fortune ; ill-
fortune ; personified. Fortune.

FORUM

49

FULGEO

forum, -i, [foris], n., open place,
market-place ; esp. Forum R6-
manum, the Roman Forums the
Forum ^ an open space between
the Palatine and Capitoline hills,
surrounded by public buildings
and shops, where the poUtical
and commercial life of the Ro-
man world centred.

lossa, -ae, [fodid], f., ditck^ trench^
moat,

fove5, fovere, f ovi, f otom, 2, a.,
warm^ keep warm; cherish, fa-
vor.

frftginentam, -i, [cf. frango], n.,
piece broken off, fragment, bit,

Iragor, -oria, [cf. frango], m.,
crashing^ noise, thunder-peal.

frangd, frangere, fregi, fractom,
3, a., break in pieces, break;
break down, subdue, overcome,

frflter, -tria, m., brother.

irfttemua, -a, -nm, [frater], adj.,
of a brother, brotherly, fraternal.

frauds, -are, -avi, -atiun,[&'aas],
I, a., cheat, defraud, rob.

frauB, fraudis, f., cheating, deceit,
fraud, treachery ; injury ^ harm,

frendS, frendere, — , — , only
pros, part, 3, n., gnash, gnash
the teeth.

frSntun, -i, n., pi. m., freni,
-5riim, pi., n., frena, -drum,
bridle, bit; pL, reins.

frequSna, -entis, adj., often, regu-
lar ^ repeated; in great numbers,
crowded, filled, populous.

frequenter, [freqaens], adv.,
often, frequently ; in great num-
bers.

frequentia, -ae, [freqaens], f.,

assembly in numbers, concourse,

crowd.
frigidUB, -a, -um, adj., cold, cool,

chill.
fr5nB, frontis, f., brow, forehead;

face,
frtlgautas, -atis, [frdgaUs], f.,

economy, thriftiness, frugality;

virtue, worth,
frument&riua, -a, -am, [fromen-

tum], adj., of corn, of provi-
sions; concerning corn, res

firomentaria, provisions,
frfLmentuin, -i, [fraor], n.,corn^

grain ; standing corn.
fruor, frui, fractus sam, fut.

part, fruitams, 3, dep., n., enr

joy, delight in.
fr^BtrS; [fraus], adv., in error ;

without effect^ in vain.
Ftlfetlus, -i, m., Fufetius, gentile

name of Mettius Fufetius, leader

of the Albans against Tullus

Hostilius.
Fufidiua, -1, m., Fufidius, a fol-
lower of Sulla.
fuga, -ae, [cf. fagio], i.,fUeing,

flight.
fugio, fiigere, fagi, fut. part, fiigi-

tilrus, 3, n. and 2l., flee, fly, take

to flight; avoid.
fugi§n8, -entis, [part of fagio],

adj., flying, fleeing. As subst.,

m., a fugitive,
fug5, -are, -avi, -atam, [faga],

I, a., put to flight, rout.
fulgeS, fulgere, fulsi, — , 2, n.,

flash, lighten ; glitter, gleam ; be

conspicuous.

FULMEN

SO

GERMANIA

fnlmen, -inis, [cf. folgeo]» n.,
lighining flashy thunderbolt;
crushing bl(nv.

FulvluB, -i, m., Fulviusy gentile
name of A. Fulvius, put to death
by the order of his own father,
because he joined Catiline's con-
spiracy.

faxid5, fandere, fudi, fasimi, 3,
a., pour, pour out; scatter ,
rout»

fundus, -i, m., bottom; piece of
land, farm, estate ; foundation.

fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3,
dep., n,, be engaged in, perform,
do,

fflnus, -eris, n., funeral proces-
sion^ funeral.

KLrSbc, -acis, [cf. furtum], adj.,
given to stealing, thievish.

FClrius, -i, m., Furius, gentile
name of /*. Furius Philus, who,
after the battle of Cannae, formed
a conspiracy among the young
nobles to leave Italy.

furor, -oris, {i\ixb,rage^,m,, rav-
ing, raging, madness, frenzy»

fiirt5, [furtum], adv., by stealth,
secretly.

fdrtum, -i, n., theft, robbery ; arti-
fice, trick.

futClniB, -a, -um, [part, of sum],
adj., going to be, to come, fut-
ure.

QabiT, -orum, m., pi., Gabii, a
tDwn of Latium, about twelve
miles east of Rome.

Oablnus, -a, -iim, adj., of GabiL
As subst, Gabinoa, -i, m., an
inhabitant of Gabit.

GKLdSs, -iom, f., pL, GadeSy a
town on the southern coast of
Spain, the modem Cadiz.

GkietQli, -drum, m., pi., the Gae-
tuli, a tribe dwelling in northern
Africa.

Ghftiua, -i, abbreviated C, m.,
Gaius, a Roman forename.

Gallia, -ae, f , Gaul, comprising the
regions now occupied by France,
Belgium, Holland, and the west-
ern parts of Germany and Swit-
zerland.

gaudium, -i, [gandeo], n., joy,
gladness.

gaza, -ae, f., treasure, riches,
wealth.

gemin&tuH, -a, -am, adj., twinned^
equal; consecutive, double.

geminuB, -a, -am, adj., born to-
gether, twin; twofold. As
subst., gemini, -drum, m., pL,
twins.

gexuo, gemere, gemoi, — , 3, n.
and a., sigh, groan ; si^ii over,
grieve over.

gener, -eri, m., son-in-law.

gSna, gentis, f., clan, gens, com-
posed of families having a
common ancestor, a conjmon
name, and certain religious
rites in common ; tribe, people^
nation.

genu, -us, n., knee.

genua, -eris, n., race, birth, tie-
scent; kind, class.

Qermania, -ae, f., Germany.

GERO

51

HABEO

gero, gerere, gessi, gestnm, 3,
a., bear^ carry ; wear ; carry on,
wage, keep up, se gerere, to

^ condtfct oneself, act, behave, res
gestae, exploits, deeds.

gesto, -are, -avi, -atom, [freq.
of gero], I, a., bear, carry,
wield ; wear.

gestuB, -lis, [gero], m., bearing,
carriage ; gesture, movement.

gigno, gignere, genui, genitiun,
3, a., produce, give birth to,
beget,

gladius, -1, m., sword.

gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, re-
nown.

glorior, -ari, -atus sum, [gloria],
I, dep., n., boast, brag, pride
oneself.

gI5riOBd, [gloriosus], adv., glo-
riously.

gloriSsuB, -a, -am, [gloria], adj.,
glorious, famous, renowned.

Gnaeas, -i, abbreviated Cn., m.,
Gnaeus, a Roman forename.

GracchuB, -i, m., Gracchus, the
name of a family of the Sempro-
nian gens. In this book are
mentioned Tiberius Sempronius
Gracchus and Gaius Sempro-
nius Gracchus. See p. 45.

gradUB, -us, m., step, pace ; gait;
stage, period, degree ; pi., steps,
stairs.

Ghraecia, -ae, f., Greece.

GhraeculiiB, -1, [dim. of Graecus],
ra., a poor Greek.

OraectiB, -a, -um, adj., Grecian,
Greek. As subst., Graecns, -i,
m., a Greek.

grandis, -e, adj., full-grown^
large, great.

granum, -i, n., grain, seed.

graphium, -i, n., stilus for writ-
ing, pen, pencil.

gr&tia, -ae, \jg£%\,\k!&\,i., favor, es-
teem, regard; thanks, gratitude.
gratia, with preceding gen., for
the sake of. gratiam habere, to
feel gratitude, gratias agere, to
express gratitude, to thank, gra-
tiam referre, to show gratitude,
to requite.

gT§.tulor, -ari, -atus sum, [gra-
tus], I, dep., n., show joy, be
glad; congratulate.

gr9.ta8, -a, -um, adj., pleasing,
dear, acceptable; thankful^ grate-
ful ; strong, influential.

gravis, -e, adj., heavy ; severe, dif
ficult; of weight, of authority.

gravit^B, -atis, [gravis], f.,
weight, heaviness; importance,
dignity, influence.

graviter, [gravis], comp. gra-
vius, sup. gravissime, adv.,
weightily; severely; with dignity.

gravor, -ari, -atus sum, [gravis],
I, dep., n., be burdened, be vexed;
take amiss, do reluctantly.

grez, gregis, xa., flock, herd; com-
mon herd ; band.

gubem9.tor, -oris, [guberno],
m., steersman, helmsman; di-
rector, ruler.

habed, habere, habui, habitum,

2, a., have, hold, keep; treat,
use ; consider^ regard ; render.

HABITO

52

HONESTE

habitd, -are, -avi, -atuin, [freq.
of habeo], i, a. and n., dwells
abidgy reside ; inhabit.

habitus, -us, m., condition^ siaiey
habit ; dresSy attire.

h&UtUB, -OB, m., breath,

Hamilcar, -aria, m., Hamilcary
father of HannibaL

Hannibal, -alls, m., Hannibal^
a famous general of the Cartha-
ginians, who waged war against
the Romans from 218 to 202
B.C. See extracts xv., xvi., and
xvii.

Hanno, -5nis, m., Ilanno, a Car-
thaginian statesman, a contem-
porary of Hannibal. He was
the leader of the party opposed
to Hannibal.

haruspez, -icis, [cf. specid], m.,
soothsayer^ diviner,

hasta, -ae, f., staff, pole; spear.

baud, adv., not^ not at all^ by no
means,

herba, -ae, f., herb ; grass^ herb-
age.

HercnlSs, -is, m., Hercidesy the
Roman name of the Greek
JleracleSf famed for his strength
and mighty deeds. He was said
to have passed through Italy,
and is mentioned in the legends
connected with the founding of
Rome.

hSr6dit&8, -atis, [heres], f.,
heirship, inheritance; an in-
heritance,

hfirSs, -edis, m. and f., heir,
heiress.

heri, adv., yesterday.

hlc, haec, hoc, gen. hulas, dem.
pron., this, the present; the fol-
lowing; he, she, it,

hie, [hie], adv., here ; now, here-
upon, then,

hiems, hiemis, f., winter, rainy
season, storm,

HieroBolyma, -drum, n., pi.,
yerusalem, chief city of Judaea,
captured by Pompey.

hilars, comp. hilarius, sup. hila-
rissime, [hilarus], adv., cheer-
fully, gladly, gaily,

hllaris, -e, adj., cheerful, gay,
merry, joyful.

hilarit&B, -atis, [hilaris], f.,
cheerfulness, merriment, hi-
larity.

hinc, [hie], 2^dy.,from this place,
hence; on this account, from
this, hine . . . hine, on this
side . , , on that, on the one
side , . . on the other,

Hispftm, -orum, m., Spaniards,

Hisp&nia, -ae, f., Spain.

HispftniSnaiB, -e, [Hispania],
adj., in Spain, Spanish. As
subst., Hispaniensis, -is, m., a
Spaniard.

hodifi, [ho = hoc, die], adv., to-
day; now.

homd, -inis, m. and f., human
being, man, person.

honeBt&B, -atis, [bonds], f., honor
received from others, repute,
reputation ; uprightness, integ-
rity.

honoBtfi, comp. honestius, sup.
honestissime, [honestus], adv.,
honorably^ properly, virtuously.

HONESTUS

53

lACTATIO

honestUB, -a, -urn, [hon5s], adj.,
honored^ respected; noble.

hon5rificS, [hondrificus] , adv.,
honorably^ with honor, with re-
spect.

hondrificoB, -a, -nm, [honos, cf.
facio]i adj., that does honor ,
honorable.

honSs, or honor, -5ris, tn., honor,
repute, esteem ; public office ; per-
sonified, Honor.

h5ra, -ae, f., hour, time, season.

Hor&tioB, -a, the name of a Ro-
man gens. In this book are
mentioned :

(1) The Horati't, triplets, prae-
nomifia not given, who fought
with the Curiatii.

(2) Hor alius Coctes, praenomen
not given, who defended the
bridge against the Etruscans.

horrendoB, -a, -nm, [part, of
horreo], adj., dreadful, fear-
ful, horrible, awful.

horre5, horrere, homii, — , 2,
n. and a., stand on end, bristle,
be rough; tremble, shudder;
shudder at, be disinclined to.

horror, -oris, [horreo] , m., trem-
blings shaking; dread, horror,
terror.

hortSLtid, -5nis, [hortor], f., en-
couragement, exhortation.

hortas, -i, m., garden.

hOBpes, -itis, m., entertainer,
host; guest; stranger.

hoBpita, -ae, f., hostess; guest.

hoBpitium, -i, [hospea], n., en-
ttrtainment, hospitality, friend-
ship; lodging, inn.

hoBtia, -ae, f., animal sacrificed,

victim.
hoBtniB, -e, [hostis], adj., of an

enemy, hostile.
hoBtXliter, [hostilis], adv., like

an enemy, in a hostile manner.
HoBtniuB, -a, name of a Roman

gens. In this book are men-
tioned :

(i) Hostus Hosiilius, a general
of the Romans in the time of
Romulus.

(2) Tullus Hostilius, the third
king of Rome.
hoBtis, -is, m. and f., stranger ;

enemy.
h"Qc, [hie], adv., hither ; to this,

besides.
h^iuBcemodl, adv., of this kind^

of such a kind.
hum&nit&B, -atis, [hiimanus], f.,

humanity; kindliness; refine-
ment.
hilm&nuB, -a, -am, [homo], adj.,

of man, human ; humane, kind.
humillB, -e, [homns], adj., low,

lowly; slight; common, humble.
hydra, -ae, f., water-snake; esp.

the Hydra, a monster with fifty

heads, slain by Heracles.

iace5, iacere, iacoi, — , 2, n.,

lie, be prostrate ; lie dead; be

situated; be despised.
Iaci5, -ere, ieci, iactom, 3, a.,

throw, hurl; build^ construct;

throw outy declare.
Iacta.ti5, -onia, \i9,c\xi],i., tossing,

shaking; boasting, display.

lACTO

54

IMBER

iact5, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq. of
iacio], I, a., throw^ cast, hurl;
speak, say ; boast, take pride in.

iam, adv., at present, now ; al-
ready ; immediately ; soon, pres'
ently. iam pridem, long ago.

iamdUdtini, adv., a long time ago,
this long time.

I&niculuxn, -i, [lanns], n., the
Janiculum, a hill lying across
the Tiber from Rome, connected
with the city by a wooden bridge
called the Pons Sublicius. It was
the seat of a mythical citadel of
Janus.

i&nua, -ae, f., door; entrance.

ISLnuB, -i, [cf. ianaa],m., Janus,
an old Italian god of begin-
nings. See note to p. 5, 1. 22.

larb&a, -ae, m., larbas, a king of
Mauritania, the modem Morocco.

ibl, adv., in that place y there; on
that occasion^ thereupon.

ibidem, adv., in the same place,
just there.

ic5, icere, ici, ictum, in classical
prose only in the perf. system,
3, a., hit, strike, foedus icere, to
make a league, make a treaty,

ictus, -UB, [ico], m., blow, stroke .^
wound.

Idem, eadem, idem, gen. eius-
dem, [is], dem. pron., the same ;
often with the force of an adv.,
also, besides, too.

Ide5, [id-f eo], adv., for that
reason, on that account, there-

IduB, -uum, f., the Ides, the middle
of the month, the 15 th of March,

May, July, and October, and the
13th of the other months.

igitur, adv., then, therefore.

ign&via, -ae, [ignarus], f., inac-
tivity, idleness, sloth.

Ignis, -ia, VOL., fire.

ign5biliB,-e, [in- + (g) nobilis],
adj., unknown, undistinguished,
ignoble; shameful,

igndminla, -ae, [in- + (g) no-
men], f., disgrace, dishonor;
degradation,

ignor5, -are, -avi, -atum, [unused
ignorus], i, a. and n., not know,
be unaware of; be unacquainted
with, take no notice of

lgn5Sco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum,
[in- -1- (g) nosed], 3, 2.., pardon,
forgive, excuse.

igii5tua, [in- + (g)notu8], adj.,
unknown, strange; unacquainted
with, ignorant of

Hico, [in -1- loco], adv., on the
spot, there; straightway, imme-
diately.

ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, dem.
pron., that; he, she, it; the
famous, the well-knoivn.

illlc, [ille], adv., in that place,
there, yonder.

iliac, [ille], adv., to that place,
thither, there; thereto; to such
a point.
imag5, -inis, [cf. imitor], f., im-
itation, likeness, image.
imbScilluB, -a, -um, adj., weak,

feebU.
imbellia, -e, [in- -1- bellum], adj.,

unwarlike, cowardly.
imber, -bris, m., rain, shower.

IMBUO

55

IMPROVISUS

imbnS, -ere, imbni, imbtitam,
3, a., wetf moisten; instruct
superficially f imbue.

imitor, -ari, -atas sum, i, dep.,
a., imitate ; copy, portray,

inun&taniB, -a, -am, [in- + ma-
taras], adj., unripe ; untimely,

immSxiBUB, -a, -am, adj., im-
measurabUf immense.

immineo, -miner e, — , — , 2, n.,
project overt overhang ; be near,
border on ; threaten^ menace,

immittS, -ere, immisi, immis-
sam, [in -1- mitto], 3, a., send
in, admit, introduce,

Inund, adv., no indeed, by no
means ; yes indeed^ certainly.

immold, -are, avi, -atam, [in,
cf. mola, sacred meal], i, a.,
sprinkle with sacrificial meal ;
hence sacrifice, immolate,

ImmortaiiB, -e, [in- + mortalis],
adj., immortal,

lniin5tiui, -a, -am, [part of im-
moveo], adj., unmoved, motion-
less ; steadfast^ firm,

ImpSr, -paris, [in- -1- par], adj.,
unequal; not a match for, weaker,

impatiens, -entia, [in- + pati-
ens], adj., intolerant, impatient,

impedid, -ire, -ivi, -itam, [in,
cf. pes], 4, a., entangle, ham-
per; hinder, check.

impendimn, -i, [impends], n.,
money laid out, outlay, cost.

impSnaa, -ae, [impendd], f., out-
lay, cost,

Jmperator, -oris, [impero], m.,
commander-in-chief, general ;
imperator {wt n. to p. 37, 1. 3).

imperiectufl, -a, -am, [in- + per-
fectas], adj., unfinished, imper-
fect,

imperium, -1, [imperd], n., com-
mand, authority, control; mili-
tary authority; sovereignty, do-
minion ; the state, state,

imperd, -are, -avi, -atam, [in -|-
paro], I, a. and n., command,
order; rule, govern; make re-
quisition for, levy,

impetro, -are, -avi, -atam, i, a.,
gain one^s end, get, obtain, pro-
cure by request or influence.

impetus, -as, [in, cf. peto], m.,
attack, assault, onset; impulse,
vehemence, excitement; violence,
impetuosity.

impiet3.8, -ati8,[impia8],f., irreth
erence, impiety; undutifulness.

Impiger, -gra, -gram, [in- -f-
piger], adj., not indolent; active,
energetic.

impiuB, -a, -am, [in- -H pins],
adj., irreverent, undutiful;
wicked, impious,

impleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletam,
[in -H pleo], 2, a., fill up, fill
full, finish.

implied, -aru, -avi or -ai, -atam
or -itam, [in -1- plico], i, a., in-
fold, envelop ; involve.

imp5nd, -ere, imposai, imposi-
tam, [in -H p5n5], 3, a., place
upon, put in, put on board;
infiict, dictate terms of peace.

impnmiB, [primas], adv., espe-
cially.

impr5viflU8, [in-, cf. provided],
adj., not foreseen, unexpected.

IMPUGNO

S6

INCOLO

imptlgn5| -are, -avi, -atom, [in
+ pugn6], I, a., fight against,
attack; oppose.
impfLnltuB, -a, -am, [in- + poni-

tusj, adj., unpunished, secure,
in, prep, with ace. and abl. :

(i) With ace: of place, after
verbs of motion, into, to, up
to, towards, against; of time,
into, till; of purpose, for ;
of result, to, unto; of other
relations, to, in, respecting,
concerning,
(2) With abl.: of place, in, on,
upon, among; of time, in, in
the course of, during, while;
of other relations, involved in,
in case of, respecting,
in-, inseparable prefix, [cf. £ng.
UN-, not'\ ; prefixed to adjectives
it negatives or reverses their
meaning.
inaestimSLbilis, -e, [in- + aesti-
mabilis), adj., not to be judged
of, inestimable, beyond compari-
son.
inambul5, -are, — , — , [in -|- am-
bulo], I, n., walk up and down,
in&nis, -e, adj., empty, void;, life-

less ; worthless, vain.
inaudltuB, -a, -am, [in- + aadi-
tus], adj., unheard of, unusual,
strange^ new.
incal6Bc5, -calescere, -calai, — ,
[in + calesco], 3, inch., n.,
grow warm, be heated ; be in-
spired.
incautUB, -a, -am, [in- -|- caa-
tas], adj., unsuspecting, improv-
ident, off one's guard.

inc5d5, -cedere, -cesm, -cessnm,

[in' -1- cedo], 3, n., advance,

march ; approach ; happen,
incendium, -i, [incendd], n.,

burning, fire, flame.
incendS, -ere, -cendi, -censam, 3,

a., set fire to, kindle; rouse, excite,
inceptum, -i, [incipio], n., be-
ginning, attempt, undertaking,
incesad, -ere, — , — , [freq. of

incedo], 3, a., fall upon, assail,

attack,
incidd, -cidere, -cidi, -casam,

[in -1- cad5], 3, Ti.,fall in, fall;

occur, arise, happen, incidere

in aliqaem, to happen in Vie

time of anybody,
incipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptam,

[in -1- capio] , 3, a., take in hand,

begin, originate; instigate,
incitd, -are, -avi, -atam, [in-f

cito], I, a., set in motion, urge

on ; rouse, excite.
inclftmd, -are, -avi, -atnm, [in

-{- clamd], I, n. and a., make a

loud cry, call out ; appeal to, in-
voke ; exclaim against.
inclind, -are, -avi, -atnm, [in +

clino], I, a. and n., cause to

lean, turn; bend, incline.
inclitOB, -a, -am, adj., celebrated,

famous, renowned.
incliidd, -cladere, inclnsi, incla-

sam, [in + daado], 3, a., shut

up, enclose, imprison ; include.
incola, -ae, [incolo], m, and f.,

inhabitant, resident,
incol5, -colere, -colai, — , [in -f-

C0I6], 3, a. and n., be at home,

abide, dwell ; dwell in.

INCOLUMIS

57

INERMIS

incoluiniB, -e, adj., unimpaired,
uninjured, safe,

Incdnstantla, -ae, [mconstans],
f., inconsistency, changeableness,
fickleness.

IncSiiBiilte, [inconsalins], adv.,
unadvisedly, inconsiderately.

IncdnsultoB, -a, -am, [in- + con-
Bultas], adj., unadvised, incon-
siderate,

incr6dibiliB, -e, [in- + credibi-
lis], adj., not to be believed, in-
credible.

increpd, -are, -m, -itom, i, n.
and a., sound, resound, clash;
upbraid^ scold.

incr6Bc5, -crescere, -crevi, — ,
[in -1- cresco], 3, n.^grow upon;
grow, increase.

incumbd, -ere, -cnbni, -cnbitnm,
[in -I- combo], 3, n., lie upon,
lean ; press upon ; make an effort,
apply oneself; incline^ choose.

IncfLridsoB, -a, -am, [in- + cnri-
osns], adj., careless, negligent.

inciirBi5, -onia, [incurro], f.,
running against; onset, attack,
incursion.

inde, 2^6Y,,from that place, thence;
from that time ; after that, there-
upon ; from that, therefore.

index, -icis, [cf. indicd], m. and
f., one who points out, informer ;
index, mark, sign, proof

indidum, -i, [cf. indico], n.,
notice, sign, indication.

indicd, -axe, -avi, -atnm, [in-
dex], I, a., point out, inform;
make known, reveal; betray,
accuse.

indicd, -dicere, -dixi, -dictnm,
[in 4- died], 3, a., declare pub-
licly, proclaim, announce; ap-
point; impose, inflict,

indictuB, -a, -am, [in--|- dictas],
adj., unsaid, indicia cansa,
without a hearing.

indiged, -ere, -ni, — , [indn, old
form of in, -f eged] , 2, a. , need,
want; demand, require,

indlgnatid, -onis, [indignor], f.,
displeasure, indignation.

indlgnSltuB, -a, -nm, [part, of in-
dignor], adj., angered, indig-
nant,

indlgnS, [indignns], adv., un-
worthily, shamefully; indig-
nantly, indigne ferre, to take
amiss, to be vexed at.

indlgnuB, -a, -am, [in- -|- dignas] ,
adj., undeserving, unfit: shame-
ful.

ind5, -dere, -didi, -ditam, [in -f
do], 3, a., insert, put into; give,
confer.

indolSa, -is, f., inborn quality,
character, disposition.

indued, -dneere, -dnxi, -dactom,
[in -1- dnco], 3, a., lead in, bring
in, introduce ; lead, induce,

induBtria, -ae, [indastrias], f.,
diligence, industry, activity.

induBtriuB, -a, -um, adj., active,
diligent, industrious.

ine5, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itam, [in
-f eo], irr., a. and n., ^ into,
enter ; enter upon, undertake,

inermiB, -e, [in--l- arma], adj.,
unarmed, without weapons, de-
fenceless.

INFAMIS

58

INITlUM

Tfifflmia, ^, [in- + fama] , adj., of

ill reptile^ notorious^ infamous.
Inl&ns, -antis, [in- + fans, from
for], adj., that cannot speak,
speechless; young, infant. As
subst., m. and f., infant, babe.
InlectuB, -a, -urn, [in- + fftctaB],

adj., not done, unaccomplished.
Inferior, -ins, [comp. of infems],

adj., lower ^ inferior.
InlerS, -ferre, intuli, inlatom,
[in + fero], irr., a., bring in, in-
troduce, bring against, se in-
ferre, to betake oneself to rush.
Xnf6flt5, -are, — , — , [infegtus],
I, a., annoy, disturb, infest; tres-
pass on.
InlSstus, -a, Him, adj., unsafe,

disturbed; hostile, threatening.
Xnficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectnm,
[in + facio], 3, a., stain, dye,
color; infect, corrupt.
InflrmoB, -a, -nm, [in- + firmoB],

adj., not strong, weak, feeble.
InflSLtUB, -a, -nm, [part, of inflo],
adj., bloivn up, inflated; puffed
up, proud.
XnfiS, -are, -avi, -atnm, [in + flo],
I, a., blow into, inflate ; inspire,
encourage.
Xnf5rm5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [in
-|-form5], I, a., shape, mould,
fashion; organize; inform, in-
struct.
InfrSl, adv. and prep, with ace,
below, underneath ; inferior (0.
infula, -ae, f., band, fillet.
ihfundS, -fundere, -fndi, -fnsnm,
[in + fundo], 3, a., pour in,
press in ; communicate, imparl.

ingemlscd, -gemiscere, — , — ,
[ingemdj 3, inch., n. and a.,
groan ; groan over.

ingenium, -i, [in, cf. gignd], n.,
innate quality, nature ; charac-
ter, disposition.

ing^na, -entis, [in-, cf. gigno],
adj., beyond the natural size;
prodigious, vast, great ; mighty,
remarkable.

ingennuB, -a, -nm, [in, cf.
gigno], adj., native; free-born,
noble, ingenuous, liberal.

Ingr&tus, -a, -nm, [in- -f grains],
adj., unpleasant, disagreecUfle ;
thankless, ungrateful.

ingredior, -gredi, -gressna snm,
[in -I- gradior], 3, dep., n. and
a., advance, march, proceed,
enter ; enter upon, undertake.

inhibed, -ere, -hibni, -hibitnm,
[in + habe5], 2, a., hold in, re-
strain, prevent ; use, apply.

iniciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectnm, [in
+ iaci6], 3, a., throw in; put
in ; inspire, suggest, cause.

inimlcitia, -ae, [inimicus], f.,
hostility, enmity.

ininiicuB, -a, -nm, [in- -f ami-
ens], adj., unfriendly, hostile.
As subst., inimicns, -i, m., per-
sonal enemy.
imqu6, [iniqnns], adv., un-
equally, unfairly, unjustly.
iniquuB, -a, -nm, [in- -f aeqnna],
adj., uneven, steep; unequal;
excessive, unfavorable, unfair^
unjust.
initium, -i, [ineo], n., going in,
entrance; beginning.

INIURIA

59

INSITUS

iniuiia, -ae, [in- + itis], f., injus-
tice, wrong, injury ; insult,

inlido, -lidere, -lisi, -lisum, [in
+ laed5], 3, a., dash against ^
crush.

inlf&BtalB, -e, adj., bright; clear;
distinguished, illustrious, re-
nowned.

innitor, -niti, -nisus, or -nixus
sum [in + mtor], 3, dep., n.,
lean on, support oneself by.

innocentia, -ae, [innocens], f.,
blameless ness, innocence; integ-
rity.

innotSscS, -notescere, -notui,
— , [in + notesco], 3, inch., n.,
become known, become conspicu-
ous.

innoxiaB, -a, -um, [in- + noxins],
adj., harmless; blameless, inno-
cent.

innumer&billB, -e, [in- -{- nume-
rabilis], adj., countless^ innu-
merable.

innuo, -nnere, -nni, — , [in-1-
nud], 3, n., nod, give a sign,
hint,

inopia, -ae, [inopa], f., want,
lack; need, poverty, scarcity.

inopin&tuB, -a, -nm, [in- -{- opi-
natns], adj., unexpected^ sur-
prising.

inopB, -opis, [in- + ops], adj.,
without resources, helpless, weak ;
poor, needy, without ; pitiful.

inquam, inqnis, inquit, def., n.,
always postpositive, say.

inquietOB, -a, -nm, [in- + qni-
etns], adj., restless, unquiet, dis-
turbed.

inquino, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
befoul, stain, defile, pollute.

inrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risnm,
[in -f rideo], 2, a., lau^ at,
jeer at, ridicule,

inrito, adv., in vain, to no pur-
pose.

inru5, -mere, -mi, — , [in +
ruo], 3, a., rush in, invade,
make an attack.

inscientia, -ae, [insciens], f.,
want of knowledge, inexperi-
ence, ignorance.

uiBciuB, -a, -am, adj., not know-
ing, ignorant, unaware.

inaequor, -seqni, -secutus snm,
[in-f sequor], 3, dep., a., fol-
low, come next; pursue ; over-
take.

inserS, -serere, -serm, -sertum,
[in -1- ser5], 3, a., put in, in-
sert; introduce, join, enroll.

insideS, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
[in+sede5], 2, n. and a., sit
upon ; settle on, occupy ; be fixed,
be inherent in, adhere to.

inaidiae, -&ram, [cf. msided], f.,
pi., snare, trap, ambush; arti-
fice^ plot.

Xnaidior, -aii, -atns snm, [insi-
diae], i, dep., n., lie in wait
for, watch for, plot against,

inaigne, -is, [insignis], n., mark,
indication; badge; honor.

insignis, -e, [in -\- signnm], adj.,
distinguished by a mark, con-
spicuous ; noted, eminent, promi-
nent.

insitus, -a, -nm, [part, of msero],
adj., ingrafted, inborn, innate.

INSOLENS

60

INTEREO

Iiisoiena, -entis, [in + solens,
part, of soleo], adj., unaccus-
tomed; immoderate^ haughty, in-
solent,
InBolenter, comp. insolentius,
sup. insolentiBsime, [insolens],
adv., unusually; haughtily, in-
solently.

iDBpfir&bilia, -e, [in- + sperabi-
lis], adj., not to be hoped for,
unhopedfor,

Inatinctus, -a, -am, [part, of in-
stinguo], adj., instigated; ani-
mated, inspired,

Xnstitad, -ere, -stitoi, -stitatam,
[in + atatud], 3, a. and n.^put
in place, plant, fix; arrange;
found, establish; begin; teach,
instruct.

InfltitCituin, -i, [part, ofinstitud],
n., purpose , intention, design;
institution, ordinance, decree.

iDBtaiictUB, -a, -nm, [part, of
instrud], adj., furnished, pro-
vided; arranged; instructed,
taught,

instrumentum, -i, [instrno], n.,
implement, tool, instrument;
coll. in sing., instruments, stock.

in8tru5, -ere, -strdxi, -stractum,
[in -H struo], 3, a., build in;
make ready, provide ; of troops,
draw up, array,

insuBurro, -are, -avi, -atum, i,
a., whisper to ; surest.

insom, -esse, -foi, [in -I- snm],
irr. n., be in, be upon ; belong to.

intftctuB, -a, -am, [in- -f- tactas,
from tangd], adj., untouched,
uninjured, intact; untried.

integer, -gra, -grom, [in-, cf.
tango J, adj., untouched, whole ;
uninjured, unwounded; fresh,
new.
inteUeg5, -legere, -lexi, -lectom,
[inter -H lego], 3, a., come to
know, perceive, understand,

intends, -ere, -tendi, -tentom or
-tensam, [in ■\- tendo], 3, a.,
stretch out, extend; aim, direct;
increase.

intentUB, -a, -am, [part, of in-
tendo], adj., attentive, intent,

inter, prep, with ace. only, among;
of position and relation, between,
among, into the midst of; of
time, between, during, in, within.

intercalSriuB, -a, -am, adj., for
insertion, intercalary,

intercald, -are, -avi, -atam, i,
a., insert in the calendar, inter-
calate,

intercipid, -ere, -oepi, -ceptom,
[inter + capio], 3, a., seize in
passing, intercept; usurp ; inter-
rupt.

interdlc5, -dicere, -dixi, -dictam,
[inter -f died], 3, a. and n., in-
terpose Jby speaking, interdict,
prohibit.

interdifi, [inter -|- dia], adv., in
the daytime, by day.

interdum, [inter + dam], adv.,
sometimes, occasionally, now and
then.

interest, [inter -f ea], adv., mean--
while, in the meantime,

intereS, -ire, -ii, -itam, [inter
+ edj, irr., n., go among; A^
/oj/, perish, die.

INTERFECTOR

6l

INVALIDUS

interiector, -oris, [interficid],
m., slayer^ assassin,

interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectam,
[inter + facio]» 3, a., put out
of the way^ destroy ^ kill.

intericid, -icere, -ieci, -iectnm,
[inter + iacio], 3, a., throw be-
tweeftf set between ; interpose, in-
tervene.

Inteiim, adv., meanwhile, in the
meantime.

interims, -imere, -enu,- emptum,
[inter -|- emo], 3, a., take away ;
kill, destroy.

interituB, -ds, [intereo], m.,
overthrow, fall, destruction. ^

iiitemiintiuB, -i, [inter -i- ndn-
tins], m., go-between, mes-
senger.

interpretor, -ari, -atus sum,
[interprea], i, dep., a., explain,
interpret ; under sta nd.

interrog5, -are, -avi, -atom,
[inter + rogo], i, a., ask^ ques-
tion, examine.

interramp5, -rumpere, -rnpi,
-mptom, [inter 4- rumpo], 3,
a., break apart, break through,
break down.

intersum, -esse, -foi, [inter +
sum], irr., n., lie between; in-
tervene; be present. Impers.,
interest, it makes a difference ;
it concerns.

Intervailum, -i, [inter + val-
lum], n., space between pali-
sades; interval^ distance; inter-
val of time.

intervert5, -ere, -verti, -versum,
[inter -|- verto], 3, a., turn

aside, intercept, embezzle, mis-
appropriate.

intimuB, -a, -am, adj. sup., comp.
interior, inmost, deepest, pro-
found; intimate.

intoler&bilis, -e, [in- -{- tolera-
bilis], adj., irresistible, intoler-
able, unendurable.

intrSl, adv. and prep, with ace.
only, within ; of time, during.

intr5, adv., to the inside ; within.

intr5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [cf.
intra], i, a., go into, enter;
penetrate, reach.

introdfic5, -ddcere, -dnzi, -dnc-
tum, [intro -f ddco], 3, a., lead
in, bring in.

intrdnimp5, -ere, -rupi, -mptum,
[intro 4- rumpo], 3, a., break in,
enter by force, rush in.

intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, [in
-\- tueor], 2^dep., look upon, look
closely at.

intumS8c5, -tumescere, -tumui,
— , 3, inch., n., swell up,
rise; become angry ; swell with
pride.

inundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in -f-
undo, from unda, wave'\^ i, a.,
overflow, inundate ; spread.

inuBitfttaB, -a, -um, [in- -f nsita-
tus], adj., unusual, uncom-
mon.

tnv&dS, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum,
[in + vado], 3, a., go into,
enter; attack, invade; seize,
take possession of.

invalidiiB, -a, -um, [in- + vali-
dus], adj., not strong, weak,
feeble.

INVEHO

62

lUDAEA

invehd, -vehere, -vezi, -vectmn,
[in + veho], 3, a., carry in,
carry to; pass., ride into ; JhU
upon, attack.

i-iveni5, -venire, -veni, -ventnm,
[in + venio], 4, a., come upon,
find, meet with; discover; ac-
quire.

invicem or in vicem, adv., by
turns, one after the other,

invlde5, -videre, -vidi, '•visum,
[in+ video], 2, n. and a., look
askance at; envy^ be prejudiced
agcUnst.

invldia, -ae, [cf. invided], f.,
envy, jealousy ; ill will, odium,
unpopularity,

invldiSsus, -a, -nm, [invidia],
adj., full of envy, invidious;
exciting envy, hateful^ unpop-
ular.

inviolfttiui, -a, -um, [in-+vio-
latus], adj., unhurt, uninjured,
inviolate; inviolable,

invTsas, -a, -um, [part, of in-
video], adj., hated, detested,
hateful.

invItS, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
invite, ask; feast, entertain;
allure, attract.

InvTtiu, -a, -um, adj., against the
will^ unwilling,

iocuB, -1, m., pT. ioci or ioca,
-orum, jest, joke,

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipnus,
dem. pro., self; himself herself,
itself; often best rendered freely,
very y just ^ mere, in person,

Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath; pas-
sion.

iracimdia, -ae, [iracundua], U

proneness to anger, hasty temper ;

^ftger, wrath.
IrfttOB, -a, -um, [part, of irascor],

adj., angered, enraged, violent;

in anger.
is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pro.,

he, she, it; that, this, the, the one;

before ut, such.
iate, ista, irtud, gen. istiUB, dem.

pro., that of yours, that, this ; he,

she, it; such,
Ita, adv., in this manner, so, thus,

as follows,
Italicos, -a, -um, adj., of Italy,

Italian. As subst., Italici,

•drum, m. pi., the Italians, as

distinguished from the Roman

citizens.
itaque, [ita -f- -que], conj., and

so, therefore, accordingly.
item, adv., besides, also.
iter, itineris, [cf. eo], n., going;

journey, march ; way, road.
itemm, adv., again, a second time.
Inba, -ae, m., Juba, the name of

a king of Nmnidia, who sided

with Pompey and was defeated

by Caesar.
iabe5, inhere, iusn, iussum,

2, a., order, give orders, com-
mand, decree, enact.
itlcimd6, comp. incundius, sup.

iucundissime, adv., agreeably^

delightfully.
iacimdnB, -a, -um, adj., pleasant,

agreeable, delightful.
IiLdaea, -ae, f., yudaea, a coun-
try bordering the southeastern

part of the Mediterranean Sea.

lUDAEUS

63

LABORIOSUS

ludaeiis, -a, -am, z,6^y^ of Judaea,
As subst., Indaeus, -i, m., a Jew,

iudez, -ids, [ins, cf. (tied], m.
and i,^ judge y juror,

iudicium, -1, [index], n., trials
court; judgmenty decision.

iddic5, -are, -avi, -atom, [index],
I, a., examine judicially y judge ;
proclaim,declare,resolve,conclude.

iugerum, -i, gen. pi. ingernm,
n., an acre, juger (about two-
thirds of an English acre).

iugultim, -i, (dim. of iagum), n.,
collar bone ; throat, neck,

ingum, -i, n., yoke, collar ; sum-
mit, range of mountains.

lugortha, -ae, m., Jugurtha, king
of Numidia, who carried on war
with the Romans between iii
and 106 B.C. He was defeated
by Marias. See p. 54.

lugurthinuB, -a, -nm, adj., of
Jugurtha, with Jugurtha, Ju-
gurthine.

IWufl, -a, name of a celebrated
Roman gens. See Caesar. To
this gens belonged liilia, -ae, f.,
Julia, daughter of Caesar, and
wife of Pompey.

iung5, iungere, innxi, innctnm,
3, 9^., join together, unite.

itLnior, -ins, comp. ; see iuvenis.

IGnius, -a, name of a prominent
Roman gens. See Brutus.

luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter,
the highest of the gods.

iur5, -are, -avi, -atum, [ins], i,
n. and a., swear, take oath ;
swear to ; swear by, call to wit-
ness.

ids, inris, n., that which is bind-
ing, right, justice f' court of jus-
tice, place of trial ; abl. lure,
justly.

iHsiflranduin, inrisiorandi, n.,
oath.

iussus, -ns, only abl. sing, in use,
[inbeo], m., order, command.

institia, -ae, [cf. ins], i., justice,
uprightness,

iuvenis, -is, comp. itLnior, adj.,
young, youthful. As subst, in-
venis, -is, m., young person,
youth (between twenty and forty
years), inniores, -nm, m., pi.,
those eligible for military service,
the members of each century
who were under forty-six years
of age.

iuventa, -ae, [iuvenis], f., age of
youth, youth.

inventus, -ntis, [invenis], f.,
age of youth, youth ; by me-
tonymy, coW., young people.

Kalendae, -amm, f. pi., day of

proclamation, Calends,first of the

month,

L.

L., with proper names = Lucius,
a Roman forename.

labor, -dris, m., labor, toil, exer-
tion; hardship, distress,

lab5rios6, comp. laboriosins,
sup. labdridsissime, [laborio-
sus], adv., laboriously.

Iab5ridsus, -a, -nm, [labor],
adj., full of labor, laborious;
toilsome; inclined to labor.

LABORO

64

LAUDO

Iab5r5, -are, -avi, -atom, [la-
bor], I, n. and a., labor ^ toil ;
work outy produce by toil; suffer ^
be kard pressed.

LacedaemoniaB, -a, -nm, adj.,
0/ Lacedaemon, the chief city
of Laconia, in the southeastern
part of the Peloponnesus, Lace-
daemonian. As subst., Lace-
daemonii, -drain, m., pi., the
Lacedaemonians, inhabitants of
Lacedaemon.

Iacer5, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
tear to pieces, rend ; ruin,

lacesad, -ere, -ivi, -itom, 3, a.,
excite, provoke, challenge; urge,
stimulate.

lacxima, -ae, f., tear.

lacximd, -are, -avi, -atom, [la-
crima], i, n., shed tears; la-
ment, bewail

lacuB, -as, lake, pond, pool.

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesaxn, 3,
a., hurt, wound; vex, insult,
offend.

LaeUoB, -i, m., Laelius, gentile
name of C. Laelius, a friend of
Scipio African us the elder.

laetitia, -ae, [laetas], i.,joy, ex-
ultation, rejoicing.

laetUB, -a, -am, adj., cheerful,
joyful, glad.

LaevinuB, -i, m., iMev'tnus, fam-
ily name of P. Valerius Laevt-
nus. See p. 17.

laevuB, -a, -am, adj., left, on the
left hand; of ill omen, unlucky ;
awkward, foolish. As subst.,
laeva, -ae, f., (sc. manas), lefl
hand, left arm.

Iamb5, lambere, — , — , 3, a.,

lick, lap.
Iftmentor, -an, -atas sam, i,

dep., n. and a., lament, weep;

bewail, weep for.
ISmina, -ae, f., thin slice; plate,

leaf
ISna, -ae, f., wool ; working in

wool, spinning.
lancea, -ae, f., a light spear;

spear, lance.
lapideoB, -a, -am, [lapis], adj.,

of stone, stone.
lapis, -idis, m., stone ; mile-stone.
laqneuB, -1, m., noose, snare,

halter.
LSrentda, -ae, f, see Acca.
largitid, -5nis, [largior], f., giv-

^^S fr^^^y^ generosity, largess;

bribery.
latebra, -ae, [lateo], f, usually

pi., hiding-place, retreat,
lateS, -ere, -ai, — , 2, n., lie hid,

be concealed; escape notice.
latexfciuB, -a, -am, [later,

brick'], adj., made of bricks,

brickwork.
LatXnuB, -a, -am, adj., of Latium,

Latin. As subst., Latini, -oram,

m., pi., the Latins.
lSLtr5, -are, -avi, -atam, i, n.

and a., bark; bark at,
latr5, -5nis, m., freebooter, hi^-

wayman, robber, brigand.
latUB, -eris, n., side, flank.
laudanduB, -a, -am, [part, of

laado], adj., praiseworthy, com-
mendable.
Iaud5, -are, -avi, -atam, [laas],
I, 2^., praise, extol.

LAUREA

6s

LIBERTUS

latxrea, -ae, f., laurel-tree^ bay;
laurel croivn,

lans, laudis, f., praise^ glory, re-
nown.

laxltflB, -atis, f., width, spacious-
ness.

lec^ca, -ae, f., litter, sedan-chair ;
see n. to p. 20, 1. 3.

lectuloB, -i, [dim. of lectus], m.,
small couch, bed.

lectUB, -1^ m., couch, bed.

16ga.ti5, -5ni8, f., embassy, lega-
tion.

16g9.tiZB, -i, m., ambassador, legate,
envoy ; deputy, lieutenant,

legi5, -onis, [cf. Ieg5], f., legion.

ISgitimas, -a, -um, [lex], adj.,
fixed by law, lawful, legal; just,
proper.

lego, legere, legi, lectuxn, 3, a.,
bring together, gather, collect;
choose, appoint; revieiv, read.

Ifinis, -e, adj., smooth, soft, gentle ;
kind, favorable.

lenitSs, -atis, [lenis] , f., softness,
gentleness, mildness.

leniter, [lenis], adv., softly, mildly,
quietly, lightly.

Ifindciiiiuin, -i, n., allurement,
enticement^ charm ; personal
adornment.

lientnluB, -1, m., Lentulus, name
of a distinguished family of the
Cornelian gens; in this book,
P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a
prominent member of the Cati-
linarian conspiracy.

lentns, -a, -mn, [cf. lenis], adj.,
pliant, flexible, tough ; slo7v, slug-
gish ; easy, calm.

LepiduB, -1, m., Lepidus, family
name of M. Aemilius Lepidus,
a member, with Antony and Oc-
tavianus, of the second trium-
virate.

ISt&llB, -e, [letnm], adj., deadly,
fatal.

levls, -e, adj., light; slight, trivial.

leviter, [levis], adv., lightly,
slightly.

16z, legis, f , enactment, law, rule;
condition^ stipulation.

libfinB, -entis, [part, of libet],
adj., willing, with good will, with
pleasure, glad.

libenter, [kbens], adv., willingly,
gladly.

Gber, -era, -erum, adj., free, un-
restrained, unchecked; generous.

liber, -bri, m., book ; account-book.

liberaiia, -e, [liber], adj., befit-
ting a freeman, dignified; lib-
eral, generous.

liberUitftB, -atis, [liberalis], f.,
nobility, kindness, courtesy ; gen- ,
erosity.

Gberaiiter, [liberalis], adv.,
nobly ^ kindly ; generously.

UberS, [liber], adv., freely;
openly, boldly.

Ubexf, -drum or -nm, [liber], m.,
"^X., free persons ; hence children
of a family, children.

liberd, -are, -avi, -atum, [liber],
I, a., set free, liberate, free ; ab-
solve, acquit.

HbertftB, -atis, [liber], f., free-
dom, liberty ; freedom of speech.

UbertuB, -i, [liber], m., freed-

LIBIDO

(A

LUCTOR

libidd, -inis, [libet], t, pleasure,
delight; wantonness,

]Ibr5, -are, -avi, -atom, [libra,
balance'], I, a., poise, balance;
* kurlf dash^ throw.

licentla, -ae, [licet], f., freedom,
liberty, license,

licet, licere, licuit and licitum
est, 2, n., impers., it is lawful,
it is permitted,

Hctor, -oris, m., lictor, official
attendant upon a magistrate;
see n. to p. 8, line 6.

Ugneiis, -a, -am, [lignum], adj.,
ofwoodf wooden.

IXmen, -inis, n., cross-piece ; thresh-
old, lintely sill.

UheSmentum, -i, n., line; feat-
ure, lineament.

lingua, -ae, f., tongue; by me-
tonymy, language.

Iiqaefaci5, -ere, -feci, -factnm,
[liqneo-f facid], 3, a., make
liquid, melt; enervate.
^ IiitemlnaB, -a, -um, adj., at Li-
ternum, a town on the coast of
Campania, to which Scipio re-
tired into voluntary exile.

litigSLtor, -oris, m., party to a
lawsuit f litigant.

littera, -ae, f., letter of the al-
phabet; writing, document; pi.,
letter, epistle ; literature.

litter&tuB, -a, -nm, [littera],
adj., lettered, learned, educated,

litUB, -oris, n., sea-shore, beach,
strand.

LiviuB, -i, m., Livius^ gentile
name of M, Ltvius Salinator^
who defeated Hasdrubal at the

Metaurus river in 207 B.C. See
n. to p. 30, 1. 3.

loc5, -are, -avi, -atam, [loens],
I, 2,., place, put ; let, lease ; con-
tract for, have done by contract.

Locxf, -drum, m., pi., Locri Epi-
zephyrii, a Greek town in Brut-
tium, in southwestern Italy.

locuplSs, -etis, [locus, cf. pled],
adj., rich in lands; opulent,
rich. ,

locus, -i, m., pi. loci, -orum, m.,
single places; loca, -drum, n.,
places connected, region, place,
spot, locality, region; station,
post.

longS, comp. longins, sup. lon-
gissime, [loughs], adv., a long
way off, at a distance ; greatly,
by far,

longtaquuB, -a, -um, [longus],
adj., far removed, remote, dis-
tant.

loquor, loqui, locutus sum, 3,
dep., n. and a., speak, talk, say,
tell.

loiica, -ae, [lorum], f., leather
cuirass, corselet, coat-of-mail ;
protection.

15niin, -i, n., strip of leather,
thofig, strap ; pL, reins, bridle.

Lucius, -i, abbreviated L., m.,
Lucius, a Roman forename.

LucrStia, -ae, f., Lucretia, wife
of Tarquinius CoUatinus, and a
type of the Roman matron of the
olden time. See p. 14, 1. 2ofol.

lector, -ari, -atus sum, i, dep.,
n., wrestle, struggle, strive, con-
tend.

LUCTUS

67

MAGNIFICUS

luctUB, 'UB, [cf. lugeo], m., sor-
row, mourning, grief.

LucullUB, -i, m., Lucullus, family
name of L. Licinius Lucullas^
consul in B.C. 74. He distin-
guished himself by his successes
against Mithridates, but failed to
bring the war to a successful
termination, and was recalled.
On his return he gave himself
up to a life of luxury.

Ificus, -i, m., sacred grove; wood,
grove.

ludibzium, -i, [liidus], n., mock-
ery, derision ; laidghing-stock,
jest.

ladicer, -era, -crum, [ludus],
adj., belonging to play, in sport,
sportive. res ladicra, the
drama,

ludoa, -i, m., game, play ; public
game; sport, jest.

luged, -ere, luxi, luctum, 2, n.
and a., grieve, lament ; deplore.

liigabziB, -e, [cf. lageo], adj., of
mourning, mourning; doleful,
mournful.

lumen, -inis, n., light; light of
the eye, eye ; glory, ornament.

liina, -ae, f., the moon.

lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf

IiUBltSnuB, -a, -urn, adj., of Lusi-
tania, the modern Portugal, Lu-
sitanian. As subst., Lusitanus,
-i, m., a Lusitanian, inhabitant
of Lusitania.

lustrd, -are, -avi, -atum, [lus-
■ trum], I, a., light up, illumi-
nate; review, inspect, survey,
examine ; purify.

luz, lucis, f., light, brightness;

day.
liucuB, "OB, m., excess^ indulgence^

luxury ; splendor,

M.

M., with proper names = Marcus,
a Roman forename.

Macedd, -onis, m., a Macedo-
nian.

Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia,
a country north of Greece.

mftchina, -ae, f., machine, engine
of war ; contrivance, trick.

m&ctd, -are, -avi, -atom, [mac-
tus], I, a., magnify, glorify;
offer sacrifice ; kill.

mftctUB, -a, -am, adj., worshipped,
honored, macte virtute estd,
be increased in your virtue!
good luck! well done!

Maec6n&B, -atis, m., Maecenas,
family name of C. Cilnius Mae-
cenas, an intimate friend and
trusted counsellor of Augustus.

maeatUB, -a, -am, adj., full of
sadness, sad, gloomy, dejected.

magia, [cf. magnas], sup. max-
ime, adv., comp., more, in a
higher degree, rather.

magiater, -tri, [cf. magnas], m.,
master, chief ; teacher, guardian.

magiatrSLtUB, -us, [magister] ,
m., office of master, civil office,
magistracy.

mSLgnificuB, -a, -um, [magnas,
cf. faci5], 2Ld]., great, noble, dis-
tinguished; splendid, magnifi-
cent.

MAGNITUDO

68

MARE

mftgnitftdS, -inis, [magniis], f.,

greainesSf size ; great number,

mftgnopere, or mftgn5 opere,
adv., greatly, very much,

mftgnuB, -a, -am, comp. maior,
sup. maximus, ^.d^y^greaty large,
spacious; mighty, loud; comp.
and sup. elder, eldest. As subst,
Magnus, -i, m., the Great, sur-
name of Cn. Pompeius Magnus,

Maharbal, -alia, m., Maharbal,
a Carthaginian commander.

mfiieatfts, -atis, [maior], l.,great-
ness, dignity; authority, sover-
eign power, crimen maiesta-
tifl, charge of high-treason.

mfiior, -ius, see mftgnoa.

male, [maliu], comp. peins, sup.
pessime, adv., badly, wickedly ;
imperfectly, barely, scarcely, with
difficulty.

maledictum, -i, [maledicd], n.,
foul sayings abusive word.

mS15, malle, maloi, — , [magis
-f volo], irr., a., choose rather,
prefer,

malum, -i, [mains], n., evil, mis-
chief calamity.

maluB, -a, -um, comp. peior, sup.
pessimns, adj., bad, wicked; un-
favorable, unfortunate.

MSmixiuB, -i, m., Mamurius, a
worker in iron, who made the sa-
cred shields (ancilia) for Numa.

mand&tum, -i, [part, of mando],
n., charge, order ^ command.

mand5, -are, -avi, -atum, [manns
-f do], I, a., put in the hand,
hand over, deliver ; commit, con-
sign; order, command.

mand5, -ere, mandi, mansnm, 3,

a., chew ; eat, devour.

mane5, manere, mansi, mansom,
2, n. and a., remain, tarry ; last,
continue ; wait for.

manifeatus, -a, -um, [manus],
adj., palpable, clear, manifest,
evident; caught, convicted,

manipuluB, -i, [manns, pled],
m., handful, bundle of hay;
company, maniple, one-third of
a cohort, whose standard origi-
nally bore a wisp of hay.

MSniuB, -i, abbreviated M\, m.,
Manius, a Roman forename.

mftn5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, n.
and a., flow, run, trickle ; give
forth.

mftnauStfidS, -inis, [mansuetus,
tame^ f., lameness, mildness,gen'
tUness.

manubiae, -arum, [manns], f.,
pi., booty, prize-money.

man&nitt5, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[manus -f- mitto], 3, a., release,
emancipate, set free,

mazma, -iis, i.,hand; work, skill ;
force, strength ; band, troops.

MSrciiB, -i, abbreviated M., m.,
Marcus, a Roman forename.

MSrciuB, -a, name of a Roman
gens. In this book are men-
tioned :

( 1 ) Ancus Marcius, fourth king
of Rome.

(2) C. Marcius Coriolanus.
See p. 16.

mare, maris, n., the sea. Mare
Superum, the upper sea, the
Adriatic.

MARGARITA

69

MENS

margaxlta, -ae, f., piarL

MaxianuB, -a, -mii, adj., of Ma-
riuSy Marian,

maxitUB, -a, -am, adj., of mar-
riagCy nuptial. As subst., mari-
tua, -i, m., married man, hus-
band,

MaxiuB, -i, m., Mariusy gentile
name of C, Marius. See p.
48.

xnarmor, -oris, n., marble; pi.,
varieties of marble,

marmoreuB, -a, -urn, [mannor],
adj., of marble^ marble,

MSrs, Martis, m., Mars^ the Ro-
man god of war; by metonymy,
war, battle, dubid Marte, in
an indecisive contest,

Mftrtiaa, -a, -urn, adj., of Mars,
to Mars, martial; of the month
of March, of March,

Maainissa, -ae, m., Masinissa,
a prince of Numidia, friend and
ally of Scipio Africanus the
elder.

Maaalva, -ae, m., Masstva, a
Numidian youth, nephew of
Massinissa.

mftter, matris, f, mother, parent.

matemuB, -a, -am, [mater],
adj., of a mother, maternal; on
the mother^ s side,

m&trimdniiim, -i, [mater], n.,
wedlock, marriage, matrimony.

mfttr5na, -ae, [mater], f., a mar-
ried woman, wife, matron.

Mauxf, -orum, m., pi., the Moors,
inhabitants of Mauritania^ in
northwestern Africa, the mod-
ern Morocco.

m&3dmS, [mazimas], adv., in the
highest degree, particularly; «-
pecially, exceedingly, very,

mftzimuB, -a, -am, adj., sup. of
magnas. As subst.,Maxima8,
-i, m., Maximus, surname of
Q, Fabius Maximus ; see p. 27.

medicamentum, -i, [medico],
n., drug, medicine^ potion; cure,
relief.

medicuB, -i, m., doctor, physician,
surgeon.

meditor, -ari, -atas sam, i, dep.,
n. and a., reflect, consider, medi-
tate ; plan, devise ; practise.

mc^um, -i, [medias], n., mid-
dle, centre, intervening space,
in medium proferre, to produce,
offer, bring out,

mediuB, -a, -am, adj., in the tnid-
die, mid, middle ; moderate.

melior, -ius, adj., comp. of bonus.

MemmiuB, -1, m., Memmius, gen-
tile name of C. Memmius Ge-
mellus, an opponent of Julius
Caesar. He secured the con-
sulship, however, by Caesar's
aid, in 54 B.C.

memorSLbillB, -e, [memoro], adj.,
worth telling, memorable; re-
markable.

memoria, -ae, [memor, mindful^,
f., memory, remembrance; pe-
riod of recollection.

memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [me-
mor], I, a., bring to mind, tell,
speak of, say,

mSns, mentis, f , mind, intellect;
feeling, judgment, intelligence ;
purpose, intent, meaning ; plan

MENSA

70

MINOR

-ae, f., table; course at
dinner.
mSnaiB, -is, m., month.
mentid, -onis, f., a calling to

mindf mention.
mere5, -ere, -ni, -itum, 2, a., i/e-

serve, merit; earn.
mergd, -ere, -si, -sam, 3, a., dip,

plunge in, swallow up.
merito, [meritum], 2i6y.^ justly.
zneritum, -i, [mereo], n., merit,

service; worth, value.
merz, mercis, f., goods, wares,

merchandise.
MetelluB, -i, m., Metellus, name
of a distinguished family of the
Caecilian gens. In this book
are mentioned :

(i) Q. Caecilius Metellus Nu-
midicus, consul B.C. 109. He
conducted the war against Ju-
gurtha successfully, until he
was superseded by Marius.
(2) Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius,
consul B.C. 80. He was a suc-
cessful general under Sulla,
and also against Sertorius.
mStor, -ari, -atus sum, i, dep.,
a., measure, measure off, mark
out.
MettiuB, -i, m., Meitius^ forename
of Mettius Fufetius^ leader of
the Albans in the time of Tul-
lus Hostilius.
znetUB, -ns, m., fear, dread;

terror.
meuB, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron.,
2,^]., of me, my, mine. Assubst.,
mei, -drum, m., pi., my friends,
my kindred, my soldiers.

inic5, -are, -oi, — , i, n., move
quickly to and fro, quiver ; flash,
gleam.

ml, voc. of mens.

mileB, -itis, m., soldier; coll. by
metonymy, soldiery, soldiers.

MHStuB, -i, f., Miletus, an Io-
nian city on the western coast
of Asia Minor, near Ephesus.

miliSnB, [nulle], num. adv., a
thousand times.

mllitariB, -e, [miles], adj., of a
soldier, soldierly; of war, mili-
tary, warlike.

militia, -ae, [miles], f., military
service, warfare, war. Loc. nu-
litiae, in the field, in war ; often
contrasted with domi, at home,
in peace.

mllitd, -are, -avi, -atom, [miles],
I , a., be a soldier, perform mili-
tary service, make war.

mQle, indecl. in sing., pi., milia
or millia, -ium, thousand. As
subst., n., (sc. passaom), mile. *

mimuB, -i, m., comic actor, mimic ;
farce.

xninimS, [minus], sup. of parnm.
adv., least of all, least, very little;
not at all, by no means.

minister, -tra, -tmm, adj., subor-
dinate, ministering. As subst,
minister, -tri, m., attendant^
waiter, servant, helper,
minitor, -ari, -atus sum, [freq.
of minor], i, dep., a., threatcjt^
menace.
minor, -ari, -atus sum, i, dep.,
n. and a., jut forth; threaterit
menace.

MINUCIUS

n

MODO.

MinuciuB, -i, m., Mintuius^ gen-
tile name oiM. Minucius Rufus^
master of horse under Q. PV
bius Maximus. See p. 28, 1. 27
fol.
Mintumae, -arum, f., pi., Min-
turnae, a town in northwestern
Campania, on the coast.
minuo, -ere, -ui, -atom, [cf.
minor], 3, a., make smalls di-
minishf lessen; weaken.
minus, adv., comp. of pamm,
less, by no means.

mIr&biliB, -e, [miror], adj., won-
derful, extraordinary, amazing,

mXrSLculum, -1, [miror], n., mar-
vellous thing, strange thing, mir-
acle.

miraiiduB, -a, -am, [part, of mi-
ror], adj., to be wondered at,
wonderful, strange.

mlrificus, -a, -am, [miras, cf.
faci5], adj., wonderful, mar-
vellous, strange.

miror, -ari, -atas sam, [miras],
I, dep., n. and a., wonder, mar-
vel; wonder at; admire, esteem.

mlniB, -a, -am, adj., wonderful,
amazing, extraordinary.

miser, -era, -eram, adj., wretched,
unfortunate; poor, worthless,

misericors, -cordis, [mi8ereo +
cor], adj., tender-hearted, pitiful,
merciful.

miseror, -ari, -atas sam, [miser],
I, dep., n. and a., lament, de-
plore, pity,

missis, -5nis, [mitto], f, send-
ing; release, liberation; dis-
charge from service, dismissal.

Bfithrid&tSs, -is, m., Mithridates,
the name of several kings of
Pontus; in this book refers to
Mithridates VI. surnamed the
Great. See note to p. 51, 1. 26.

BfithridftticiiB, -a, -am, adj., of
Mithridates, with Mithridates,
Mithridatic,

mitig5, -are, -avi, -atam, [mitis
+ ago], I, a., soften, ripen;
make gentle, humanize; soothe,
assuage, mitigate.

mitiB, -e, adj., mild, mellow, ripe;
soft, gentle, kind.

mittd, mittere, min, missam, 3,
a., send, dismiss; hurl, throw.

BfitylSnae, -aram, f., pL, Mity-
lene, chief city of the island of
Lesbos, in the northeastern part
of the Aegean Sea.

moder&ti5, -onis, [moderor], f.,
controlling, guidance; modera^
Hon, self-control,

moder&tus, -a, -am, comp. mo-
derator, sup. moderatissimas,
[part, of moderor] , adj., within
bounds, moderate; modest, re-
strained.

modicus, -a, -am, [modas], adj.,
in proper measure, moderate,
modest, temperate ; middling,
mean, mediocre,

modius, -i, [modas], m., corn-
measure, peck, modius, contain-
ing sixteen sextarit, about two
gallons.

modo, [modas], adv., only,
merely; just nowj but now.
n5n modo . . . sed etiam, not
only . . , but also.

.MODUS

72

MULTIPLEX

modus, -I, m., measure^ extents-
limit, end; way, manner,

moenia, -ium, n., pi., defensive
walls, ramparts, city walls; by
metonymy, walled town.

m51§B, -is, f., mass, huge bulk,
weight; massive structure, dam,
mole ; difficulty, labor,

moloBtS, [molestus], adv., with
trouble, witfi difficulty, wi^ vex-
ation, moleste ferre, to be vexed
at, to be annoyed at,

molestia, -ae, [molestus], f.,
trouble, uneasiness, annoyance.

molestus, -a, -urn, [moles], adj.,
troublesome, irksome, annoying,
disagreeable,

m51ior, -iri, -itus sum, [moles],
4, dep., n. and a., make an ex-
ertion, struggle, toil; build, con-
struct; undertake,

mollis, -e, adj., yielding, pliant,
soft, tender; effeminate, un-
manly,

Mol5, -onis, m., Molo, surname of
Apollonius Molo. See Apoll5-
nius.

mdmentum, -i, [moveo], n.,
movement, motion; brief space
of time, moment ; cause ^ circum-
stance.

mone5, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, a., re-
mind, admonish ; advise, warn,
teach ; predict, foretell.

monitus, -us, [mone5], m., re-
minding, admonition, counsel.

mdns, montis, m., mountain,

monBtrum, -i, n., divine omen,
wonder , portent ; monster ; hor-
rible sight, awful deed.

mora, -ae, f., detay, procrastina-
tion ; obstruction, cause of delay.

morbus, -i, [morior], m., sick-
ness, disease, illness,

morior, mori and moriri, mor-
tuus sum, fut. part, moriturus,
[cf. mors], 3, dep., n., die.

moror, -aii, -atus sum, [mora],
I, dep., delay, linger ; hinder,

mors, mortis, f., death,

morsuB, -us, [mordeo], m., biting,
bite; pain.

mortSUis, -is, [mors], adj., mortal,
human. As subst., man, mortal.

mortuuB, -a, -um, [part, of mo-
rior], adj., dead. As subst,
mortuus, -i, m., dead man.

moB, moris, m., habit, custom;
pi., conduct; character.

m5tU8, -us, [cf. moved], m., mov-
ing, motion ; gesture ; impulse,
passion ; agitation, tumult, com-
motion, insurrection.

move5, -ere, movi, motum, 2,
a. and n,,move, stir, set in mo-
Hon, remove ; affect, stir.

moz, adv., soon, presently ; there-
upon, next.

mflcro, -onis, m., sharp point,
edge; sword s point, sword,

muliebriter, [muliebris], adv.,
like a woman; effeminately,

mulier, -ieris, f., woman ; wife.

muliercula,-ae, [dim. of mulier],
f., little woman ; young woman,
girl.

multiplex, -icis, [multus, cf.
plied], adj., with many folds,
manifold, many ; many times as
great ; of many parts.

MULTITUDO

73

NATUS

miiltltiid5, -inis, [mnltas], f.,
large number^ mulHtude, throng;
the common people.

rnultS, [multus], adv., by muchy
much, a great deal.

multo, -are, -avi, -atum, [multa,
fine^ I, a., punish^ sentence to
pay,fine.

multiim, \mii\iiiB]y2L&v., greatly y
much.

multas, -a, -am, comp. plus, sup.
plurimuB, adj., much; pi., many,
a great number of. As subst.,
multi, -orum, m., pi., many
people; multa, -orom, n., pi.,
many things^ much.

munditia, -ae, usually pi., f.,
cleanliness, neatness; elegance,
fineness.

mflnia, -dram, n., pi., duties, func-
tions ; official duties.

mfUii5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [moe-
nia], 4, a., defend by a wall,
protect; of roads, make, build.

mflnltUB, -a, -am, [part, of ma-
nio], adj., fortified, protected, de-
fended,

mflniuft, -eris, n., service, office,
function, duty ; present, gift.

mibraena, -ae, f., muraena, a kind
of sea-fish.

mflniB, -1, m., wall, city wall ;
bulwark.

Mutina, -ae, f., Mutina, an im-
portant city in Cisalpine Gaul,
the modern Modena, where An-
tony was defeated by Octavianus
in 43 B c.

MutinfinBiB, -e, adj., of Mutina,
at Mutina.

mAt5, -are, -avi, -atam, [freq.
of moved], i, a., mvve, remove;
change, alter, exchange,

mfLtuuB, -a, -am, [mat5], adj.,
borrowed, lent; in return, mu-
tual.

nam, conj., for; because, inas-
much as,

namque, [aam + -qae], coxCy, for,
and in fact, inasmuch as,

nanclBCor, naacisci, nactas or
nanctus sam, 3, dep., a., get,
obtain, receive; meet with,
find.

n&n:5, -are, -avi, -atam, i, a.,
make known, say, tell; recount,
describe,

nSlBCor, nasci, natas sam, 3, dep.,
n., be born, be produced; arise,
grow.

N&Bica, -ae, m., Nasica, a sur-
name common in the Scipio
family. In this book refers to
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Se-
rapio, leader of the senate
against Tiberius Gracchus.

n&BUB, -1, m., nose; sense of smell.

n&ti5, -onis, [cf. natas], f., birth;
race, kind; nation, people.

nSLtura, -ae, [cf. nascor], f., birth ;
nature, character; personified,
Nature.

n&tUB, -a, -am, [part, of nascor],
adj., born, arisen. As subst.,
natas, -i, m., son.

n&tUB, -as, only in abl. sing., m.,
birth, age.

NAUFRAGIUM

74

NESCIO

naufragium, -i, [navis, cf.

frangd], n., shipwreck; ruin,

loss.
nSLv&llB, -e, [navis], adj., of ships,

nautical, naval.
nSLvicula, -ae, [dim. of navis],

f., small vessel, boat, skiff.
nSlvigium, -i, [navis, cf. agd],

n., vessel, ship, bark, boat.
nSLvia, -is, f., ship,
NSLviuB, -i, m., Navius. See

AttUB.

nSLvd, -are, -avi, -atmn, i, a., do

zealously, perform diligently.
nS, adv. and conj. :

(i) As adv., not, ne . . . qui-

dem, not even,
(2) As conj., that not, lest, for
fear that.
-ne, inter, adv., and conj., en-
clitic :

(i) As adv., untranslatable, ex-
cept in the inflection of the
voice, introducing direct ques-
tions.
(2) As conj., whether, introduc-
ing indirect questions.
nebuld, -dnis, m. , paltry fellow,

scamp,
nec or neque, [ne + -que], adv.
and conj., and not, also not, nor,
nor yet, nec . . . nec, neither
. . . nor.
neceBB&riuB, -a, -am, [necesse],
adj., unavoidable, indispensable,
necessary ; connected by natural
ties, related. As subst., necessa-
rius, -i, m., kinsman, relation.
necOBse, adj., only in nom. and
ace. sing, n., necessary.

neceBsit&B, -atis, [necesse], f.,
unavoidableness, necessity ; fate,
destiny; connection, relation-
ship.

need, -are, -avi or necoi, -atom,
[cf. nex], I, a., kill, slay, put to
death, destroy,

nef&rluB, -a, -am, [nefas], adj.,
impious, abominable, nefarious,

neiSlBtUB, -a, -am, [nefas], adj.,
contrary to religion, impious,
wicked; of days, unhallowed,
unpropitious, on which public
business must not be done.

neglegSna, -entis, [part, of ne-
glego], adj., heedless, negligent,
careless.

negleg5, -legere, -lexi, -lectom,
[nec 4- lego], 3, a., disregard,
neglect; despise.

i^ego, -are, -avi, -atam, i, n. and
a., say no, say not; deny, re-
fuse.

nSm5, -inis, [ne + liomo], pi.
and gen. and abl. sing, not in
use, being replaced by forms
from nuUtls, m. and f., no man,
no one, nobody,

nemUB, -oris, n., tract of wood-
land, forest-pasture, grove.

nepOB, -p5tis, m., grandson, de-
scendant.

neptiB, -is, [cf. nepos], i,, grand-
daughter.

nequeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ne +
qued], irr., n., not be able, be
unable, cannot,

nSscio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, — , [ne +
sci5], 4, a., not know, be igf^r^
rant.

NEUTER

75

NOSCO

neuter, -tra, -tnuoy gen. nea-
trius, [ne + uter], adj., neither
the one nor the other, neither.

nez, necis, f., death, murder ,
slaughter.

niger, -gra, -gram, adj., black,
dark, dusky; gloomy, ill-
omened.

nihil or nil, [ne + liilam, trifle'l,
indecl., n., nothing; ace. often
with adverbial force, not at all,
by no means.

nihilum, -i, [ne + hilum], n.,
nothing ; abl., nihild, not at all,
by no means.

nihildum, [nihil + dmn], indecl.,
n., nothing as yet.

NOUB, -i, m., the Nile.

niminun, [ni + miram], adv.,
without doubt, surely, truly.

nimioa, -a, -urn, [nimis], adj.,
beyond measure^ excessive, too
great

nifld, [ne + si], conj., if not, un-
less, except.

nitfine, -entis, [part, of nited],
adj., shining, brilliant; illustri-
ous, conspicuous.

nited, -ere, -ni, — , 2, n., shine,
glitter; flourish, look beautiful.

nd, nare, navi, — , i, n., swim,
float.

n5biliB, -e, [cf. n5sc5], adj., well-
known, famous; high-born, noble.

n5bilitSlB, -atis, [ndbilis], f., ce-
lebrity, fame, renown ; high
birth, nobility; the nobility, ar-
istocracy.

ndbilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [no-
bilifl], I, a., make known, ren-

der famous, dignify; render
notorious.

noced, -ere, -nl, -itnm, 2, n., do
harm, injure, hurt, harm,

noctu, [old abl. of noctus = nox],
adv., by night, at night.

noctua, -ae, [nox], f., night-owl,
owl.

noctamuB, -a, -um, [nox], adj.,
of night, by night, nocturnal.

Ndla, -ae, f., Nola, a town in the
central part of Campania, twenty-
one miles from Capua; it played
a prominent part in the second
Punic and Social Wars.

ndl5, ndlle, ndloi, — , [ne-l-Tolo],
irr., n., wish . . .-not, not wish,
be unwilling.

ndmen, nominis, [cf. nosc5], n.,
means of knoiving, name.

n5min5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [no-
men], I, a., call by name, desig-
nate, call, name.

non, adv., not, not at all.

non^gintSL, num. adj., indecl.,
ninety.

nondum, [n5n -f- dmn] , adv., not
yet.

nonniillus, -a, -urn, [n5n + niQ-
^ Ins], adj., some, several. As
subst., nonnulli, -orum, m., pi.,
some people, several.

ndnnumquam, [n5n + nnm-
qnam], adv., sometimes, occa-
sionally.

noBc5, ndscere, novi, notum, 3,
inch., a., get knowledge of, come
to know; in tenses from the
perf. stem, have learned, hence
know, understand.

NOTA

7(>

OB

nota, -ae, [cf. nosed], f., means

of recognition^ mark ; . brand.

n5taB, -a, -um, [part, of ndsco],
adj., known^ familiar.

novacula, -ae, [nov5, renovate\
f., sharp knifey razor,

novexn, num. adj., indecl., nine.

noviiB, -a, -um, adj., new, young;
freshy recent; self-made.

noz, noctis, f., night.

nubSB, -is, f., cloud; dense mass.

niLb5, nubere, niipn, niiptam,
3, a., veil oneself, be married;
marry, wed.

nflduB, -a, -nm, adj., unclothed,
nude, stripped ; mere, pure, sole.

nfUluB, -a, -am, gen. nulUus, [ne
+ alias], adj., not any, none, no.
As subst., nallas, -ias, m., no
one, nobody.

nam, inter, adv., usually introduc-
ing a question expecting a nega-
tive answer, then, now ; . . . not
so . . . is it? in ind. questions,
whether, if

Numa, -ae, m., Numa, a Sabine
name, forename of Numa Pom-
pilius, the second king of Rome.
See p. 5.

n&nen, -inis, [nao], n., nod, com-
mand; divinity, divine power.

numer5, -ai^, -avi, -atom, [na-
meras], i, a., count, number,
reckon ; count out, pay down.

numerus, -i, m., number, quan-
tity ; position, rank.

Niimida, -ae, m., a Numidian.

Numidia, -ae, f., Numidia, a
country in northern Africa ; mod-
ern Algeria.

NumidicuB, -a, -am, adj., of Nu-
midia, Numidian.

Numitor, -5ris, m., Numitor, a
king of Alba Longa, who was
driven out by his younger brother
Amulius, but restored by Rom-
ulus and Remus.

nummoa, -i, m., piece of money,
coin ; the Roman unit of coin-
age, sestertius, sesterce ; see bSb-
tertiuin.

numquam, [ne -|- omqnam], adv.,
at no time, never.

nunc, [nam + -co], adv., now^ at
present; now at last.

nunti5, -are, -avi, -atam, [nan-
tins], I, a., announce, declare,
inform.

nimtiiiB, -a, -am, adj., that an-
nounces^ making known, in-
forming. As subst., nontias,
-i, m., messenger.

nflper, [cf. novas], adv., newly,
lately, recently.

nuruB, -as, f., daughter-in-law;
young woman, married woman.

nfisquam, [ne-f asqaam], adv.,
nowhere, in no place ; in noth-
ing; for no purpose.

nfLt5, -are, -avi, -atam, [freq. of
nad], I, n., nod; waver, doubt,
hesitate.

nfLtrl3C, -icis, [natrio], f., wet-
nurse, nurse.

6, interj., O! oh!
ob, prep, with ace. only, towards, to;
on account of, for, by reason of.

OBEO

77

OBVIUS

obe5, -ire, -ivi, -itmn, [ob + e5],

irr., n. and a.,^tf to meet; engage

in; performy discharge; fall,

perish.
obicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,

[ob + iacid], 3, a., throw before,

throw, cast ; put in the hands

of; set against, oppose; object,

taunt, upbraid with.
oblin5, -linere, -levi, -litum,

[ob + lino, smear'], 3, a., daub,

smear, defile.
oblitus, see oblin5.
oblitus, -a, -nm, [part, of obli-

viscor] , adj., forgetful, unmind-

fi4l.

oblivi5, -onis, [cf. obliviacor],
f., forgetfulness, oblivion.

obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, 3,
dep., n. and a., forget, be for-
getful ; disregard.

obnoxiaB, -a, -um, [ob + nox-
iusj, adj., liable, addicted, guilty ;
exposed ; submissive, obedient.

oboedi5, -ire, -ivi, -itnin, [ob +
audio], 4, a., give ear, listen;
obey, be subject.

obmo, -mere, -rm, -mtnm, [ob
+ ruo], 3, a., overwhelm, hide,
bury ; overcome, overpower.

obsequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum,
[ob + sequor], 3, dep., a., com-
ply, yield ; gratify, submit to.

obses, -idis, [ob, cf. sede5],
m. and f., hostage; security,
pledge.

obside5, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
[ob -H sedeo], 2, n. and a., sit,
stay; besiege, blockade, render
impassable.

obsidid, -onis, [obsideo], f.,

siege, blockade.

obslBtd, -sistere, -stiti, -stitam,
[ob + sisto], 3, n., take one's
place before, stand in the way ;
resist, withstand, oppose.

obBtrep5, -ere, -ui, — , [ob +
strepo], 3, a., make noise
against, roar at, clamor at;
outbawl.

obstupefacid, -ere, obstnpefeci,
obstupefactum, [ob + stupe-
facid], pass, obstupefio, -fieri,
-factus sum, 3, a., astonish,
amaze, stupefy.

obtemper5, -are, -avi, -atnm,
[ob -f- tempers], i, n., comply,
conform, submit, obey.

obtingd, -tingere, -tigi, — , [ob
-f- tango], 3, n.,fall to the lot of,
befall, occur,

obtrectator, -oris, [obtrecto],
m., detractor, traducer, dispar»
ager.

obtmnc5, -are, — , -atnm, [ob
-f trunco], I, a., cut down, cut
to pieces; kill, slay.

obvenid, -venire, -veni, -ventnm,
[ob -f- venio], 4, a., come up to,
go to meet; fall out, happen, fall
to the lot of.

obviam, [ob -I- viam], adv., in
the way,' toward, against, ob-
viam venire, to come to meet.
obviam fieri, to meet.

obviuB, -a, -um, [ob -|- via], adj.,
in the way, so as to meet;
against, to meet, meeting, ob-
vium fieri, to meet, obvium
esse, to be in the way, to meet.

OBVOLVO

78

OPIMIUS

obvolvS, -ere, -volvi, -Tolatani,
[ob + volvo], 3, a., wrap
around, envelop, cover over.

occfiBi5, -onis, [cf. occidd], f.,
opportunity, fit time, occasion,

occidd, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum,
[ob + caedo], 3, a., strike
down^ kill, slay.

occid5, -cidere, -cidi, -casum,
[ob + cadd], 3, n., fiiU dovm,
faU; perish.

occiimb5, -ere, occubni, occnbi-
tnm, [ob + cumbd], 3, n., fall
in death, die.

occap5, -are, -avi, -atam, [ob
+ capio], I, a., take into pos-
session^ seize, occupy ; fall upon,
attack.

occiirr5, -ere, -curri, -corsum,
[ob + cnrro], 3, n., run up,
run to meet ; resist^ oppose,

Oct&viftnuB, -i, m., Octavianus,
Octavian^ C. Octavius,who, aher
his adoption by Julius Caesar,
was called C. Julius Caesar Oc-
tavianus, in accordance with the
Roman usage. The title Augus-
tus was added in 27 B.C. See
p. 84.

Octftvius, -a, the name of a Ro-
man plebeian gens, made patri-
cian by Julius Caesar. In this
book are mentioned :
(i) C. Octavius, see Octavianus

above.
(2) Octavia, sister of Octavianus
and wife of Mark Antony.

octogintft, num. adj., indecl.,
eighty.

oculuB, -i, m., eye.

odium, -i, n., hatred, gruc^e, aver-
sion.

odor, -oris, m., smell, scent, odor ;
perfume ; disagreeable odor.

offSnauB, -a, -um, [part, of of-
fendd], adj., offended, displeased^
vexed.

offerd, offerre, obtuli, oblatum,
[ob + fero], irr., a., bring be-
fore, present, offer; cause, in-
flict; bestow.

otficidsuB, -a, -um, [officium],
adj., courteous, obliging; obedi-
ent, well-trained.

officium, -i, [opus, cf. facio], n.,
service, kindness, favor ; duty ;
employment, office.

51im, [cf. oUus, old form of ille],
adv., at that time, formerly, long
since ; now and then; sometime,
hereafter.

omitto, -ere, omisi, omissum, [ob
-f mitto], 3, a., let go, let loose;
lay aside ; pass over^ say nothing
of; lose sight of.

omnia, -e, adj., all, the whole,
every. As subst., omnes, -ium,
m., pi., all men ; omnia, -ium,
n., pL, all things, everything.

opera, -ae, [opus], f., service,
work, labor; aid, attention,
operam navare, to act vigor-
ously.

opifez, -ficis, [opus, cf. facid],
m. and f., workman, artisan.

OpImiuB, -i, m., Opimius, gentile
name of Z. Op'tmius, consul 121
B.C. He was the leader of the
aristocratic faction against C
Gracchus.

OPINIO

79

ORNATUS

Opinio, -onis, [opinor], f., opin-
ion, conjecture, fancy, belief;
esteem, reputation.
oportet, -ere, oportait, 2, impers.,
it is necessary^ it behooves, me
oportet, J ought.
oppidum, -1, n., town, city.
opple5, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ob +

pled], 2, 2i.,fill; cover.
oppon5, -ere, opposui, oppoei-
tum, [ob + pono], 3, set against,
oppose; bring forward.
opportunuB, -a, -am, adj., fit,
adapted; convenient, seasonable.
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum,
[ob 4- prem5], 3, a., press
against, press down; overthrow,
overwhelm, defeat utterly ; fall
upon, surprise.
opptignSltid, -onia, [oppiigno],

f., storming, besieging, attack.
oppugnd, -are, -avi, -atom, [ob
-i- pugno], I, a., fight against,
attack, besiege.
Ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not
in use, f., aid, help ; power, in-
fluence ; means, riches, wealth.
optim&B, -atis, [optimus], adj., of
the best, aristocratic. Subst., m.,
adherent of the nobility, aristocrat.
optimuB, sup. of bonus.
optl5, -onis, f., choice ; privilege.
optd, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,

choose, select ; wish, desire.
opulentUB, -a, -am, [opes], adj.,

rich, wealthy ; prosperous.
opus, -eris, n., work, labor, toil;

need, want, necessity.
oratid, -onis, [oro], f., speaking,
speech ; discourse, oration.

5r&tor, -5ris, [oro], m., speaker,
orator, ambassador.

orbis, -is, m., ring^ circle, orbit.
orbis terrae or terraram, the
whole earth.

orb5, -are, -avi, -atum, [orbas],
I, a., deprive, spoil, rob; make
destitute, bereave.

orbuB, -a, -am, adj., deprived, be-
reft, destitute; parentless, child-
less. As subst., brbas, -i, m.,
orphan,

ordinS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ordo],
I , a., set in order, arrange, ad-
just ; narrate, record.

ordior, -iri, orsus sum, 4, dep.,
a., begin, commence, undertake ;
describe, tell in detail.

ordo, -inis, m., row, series^ order ;
company, class, rank.

oriSnB, -entis, [part, of orior],
m., rising sun ; East, Orient.

oxig5, -inis, [orior], f., begin-
ning, commencement, origin ;
race, family, stock.

orior, -iri, ortus sum, fut. part,
oritorus, 4, dep., n., arise, rise,
get up; be descended, originate,
begin.

5mtmentum, -i, [orno], n., ap-
paratus, equipment; decoration,
ornament.

dmS-tus, -a, -am, comp. orna-
tior, sup. ornatissimus, [part,
of orno] , z.^]., fitted out, equipped;
adorned, embellished ; distin-
guished, illustrious.

5matUB, -lis, [orno], m., splendid
dress, fine attire; decoration,
ornament.

ORNO

80

PAREO

5m5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a., fit
out, furnish, provide^ equip;
adorn, decorate,

5r5, -are, -avi, -atum, [os], i, a.,
speak ; treat, argue, plead; en-
treat, beseech.

5b, oris, n., mouth, face, features ;
mouth of a river.

OBtendd, -ere, -di, -tom, [obs,
old form of ob + tendd], 3, a.,
stretch out, show ; produce, fur-
nish; disclose, manifest, make
known.

OBtento, -are, -avi, -attun, [freq.
of ostendd], i, a., present to
view, show, exhibit.

Qatia, -ae, f., Ostia, the seaport
of Rome at the mouth of the
Tiber; according to the tradition
it was founded by Ancus Mar-
cius.

5tl58a8, -a, -am, [5tiam], adj., at
leisure, unoccupied, idle; quiet,
peaceful, in retirement.

5ti5aS, [dtiosas], adv., leisurely,
calmly,, idly,

5tium, -i, n., leisure^ vacant time;
idleness ; peace, quiet.

ov6, -are, — , — , i, n., exult,
rejoice; receive ovation, tri-
umph,

P.

P., with proper names'' = Pablius,
a Roman forename.

p&cSLtUB, -a, -um, [part, of pac5],
adj., pacified; gentle, peaceful.

paciBCor, -i, pactus sum, 3, dep.,
n. and a., agree together, bar-
gain, stipulate ; barter, stake.

paene, adv., almost, nearly,

paenited, -ere, -oi, — , 2, a. and
n., make sKfrry, cause to repent.
Impers. paenitet, -ere, -uit, it
repents, makes sorry, it grieves.

palam, adv., openly, publicly,

Pal&tdum, -i, [Pales, an ancient
divinity of shepherds], n., the
Palatine hill, on which was the
residence of Augustus; hence
pi., palatia, -drum, palace,

palpebrae, -arum, f., pL, eyelids.

palfLd&mentam, -i, n., military
cloak, cloak,

pftluB, -i, m., stctke, prop, wooden
post.

paliis, -udis, f., swamp, marshy
bog.

pand5, -ere, -di, passum, 3, a.,
spread out, unfold, extend,

papftver, -eris, m., poppy,

pSr, paris, adj., equal, like, simi-
lar ; well-matched. As subst,
par, paris, m. and f., maU, com-
panion.

par&bilia, -e, [pard], adj., easily
procured, accessible.^ at hand.

parc5, parcere, peperci and
pars!, parsum, 3, n., act spar-
ingly, be sparing; treat with
forbearance ; refrain front,
spare.

parcuB, -a, -um, comp. parcior,
sup. parcissimus, [cf. parco],
adj., sparing, frugal, temperate,

parSna, -entis, [part, of pario], m.
and f., parent ; father, mother.

pare5, -ere, -ui, — , 2, n., ap-
pear, be visible ; be obedient.^
obey.

PARIO

8l

PATRIMONIUM

parid, -ere, peperi, parttim, fat.
part, pariturus, 3, a., bring
forth, produce^ give birth to;
tffect, accomplish; acquire, ob-
tain,

pariter, [par], ^Av. y equally , alike;
as well, together,

par5, -are, -avi, -atam, i, a.,
make ready, prepare, furnish;
intend, resolve,

parxicidium, •>!, [pater, eaedo],
n., murder of a father, parri-
cide ; treason,

pars, partis, f., part^ portion^
share, division ; party, faction ;
character, roU ; pi., coll.,/«r/y.

parsimdnia, -ae, [parco], i., fru-
gality, parsimony,

Parthi, -drum, m., pi., Parthi-
ans, a Scythian people dwelling
southeast of the Caspian Sea,
famous as brave warriors and
skilful archers.

partior, -iri, -itus sum, [pars],
4, dep., a., share, distribute,
divide,

partus, -us, [pario], m., bearing,
bringing forth, birth; young,
offspring,

pamm, comp. minus, sup. mi-
nime, [cf. parvus], adv., but
little, too little ; not enough. As
subst., too little, not enough,

parvuluB, -a, -um, [dim. of par-
vus], adj., very small, little,
petty. As subst., parvulus, -1,
m., small child, infant.

parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor,
sup. minimus, adj., little, small,
inconsiderable ; short, brief

pftscd, pascere, pavi, pastum,

3, a. and n., cause to eat, feed;
in pass, reflexive with dep. force,
graze, browse,

passim, [passus], adv., spread,
scattered; in ei/ery direction, far
and wide.

passus, -a, -um, [part, of pando] ,
adj., outspread, extended, passis
cHnibus, with dishevelled hair,

passus, -us, step, pace, mllle
passuum, thousand paces, v^le,

p&stor, -oris, [pascd], m., herds-
man, shepherd,

patefaci5, -facere, -feci, -factum,
[pated + faci5], 3, a., lay open,
open, disclose, bring to light.

patella, -ae, [dim. of patina,
pan"], f., small pan, little dish;
offering'di^,

pater, -tris, m., father, sire;
often in pi., patres, senators.

patemus, -a, -um, [pater], adj.,
of a father, father's, paternal.

patiSns, -entis, [part, of patior],
adj., bearing, suffering, endur-
ing, patient.

patior, pati, passus sum, 3, dep.,
a., suffer, bear, support, endure ;
allow, permit.

patria, -ae, [cf. pater], {., father-
land, native land.

patricius, -a, -um, [pater], adj.,
of fatherly dignity, patrician,
noble. As subst., patricii,
-drum, m., pi., patricians, no-
blemen.

patrimdnium, -i, [pater], x\.,
inheritance from a father, in-
heritance, patrimony.

PATRO

82

PERCUSSOR

patrd, -are, -avi, -atmn, i, a.,

bring to pasSy execute, perform,
effect.

patronuB, -i, [pater], m., pro-
tector, defender, patron, advo-
cate.

paucuB, -a, -am, adj., few, little.
As subst., m., pL, a few, few.

paulfttdm, [panliis], adv., little
by little, by degrees, gradually.

pauld, [paalam], adv., by a little,
a little, somewhat.

paulum, [paulos], adv., a little,
somewhat.

PauluB, -i, m., Paulus, family
name of L. Aemilius Paulus';
see p. 13.

pauper, -eris, adj., poor, not
wealthy; scanty, small. As
subst., m., a poor man.

pauperculuB, -a, -am, [dim. of
paaper], ^^y, poor, poor little.

paupertfts, -atis, [paaper], f.,
poverty, small means, moderate
circumstances.

paviduB, -a, -am, [paved], adj.,
trembling, fearful, timid.

pavor, -orifl, [paveo], m., trem-
bling, quaking, terror, fear,
dread.

pSx, pads, f., peace, treaty, agree-
ment; harmony, quiet.

peccStum, -i, [pecco], n., fault,
error, sin.

pecco, -are, -avi, -atam, i, n.,
miss, err ; commit a sin, sin.

pecunia, -ae, [cf. pecas], f.,
property, wealth, money.

pecuB, -oris, n., cattle of all kinds ;
flock, herd.

pedeB, His, [pes], m., foot-trav-
eller ; foot-soldier; sing, coll.,
foot-soldiers, infantry.

pediculuB, -i, [dim. of pes], m.,
a little foot; foot of a vase.

pellicid, -licere, -lexi, -lectam,
3, a., allure, entice, decoy, coax.

pell5, pellere, pepali, palsom,
3, a., beat, strike; drive out,
drive away ; defeat, rout.

pende5, -ere, pependi, — , 2, n.,
hang, be suspended; haftg one-
self; be uncertain, hesitate.

penitUB, adv., inwardly, deeply^
far within ; utterly, completely.

per, prep, with ace. only, of space,
throttgh, across, throughout; of
time, through, during; of agency,
means, and manner, through, by
the agency of; in composition,
through, thoroughly, very.

peragd, -agere, -egi, -actam, [per
+ ago], 3, a., thrust through;
agitate; go throi^h with, finish ;
set forth, relate, describe, detail.

peragr5, -are, -avi, -atam, [per
+ ager], i, a., wander through^
traverse ; search, penetrate,
scour.

percello, -cellere, -call, -colsom,
[per 4- cello], 3, a., beat down,
overturn, upset, smite, strike ;
discourage, dishearten.

percontor or percunctor, -ari,
-atas sam, [per + contas,/^/?],
I, dep., a., lit. search with a
pole; asky inquire, question, in-
vestigate.

percnsBor, -dris, [percatio], m.,
striker, murderer, assassin.

PERCUTIO

83

PERNICIES

percuti5, -cutere, percussi, per-
cassmn, [per + quatio], 3, a.,
strike through, pierce; strike,
knock at; kill, slay; ruin.

perd5, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [per
+ do], 3, a., make way with,
destroy, ruin, lose.

perdiic5, -ducere, perduxi, per-
ductum, [per + duco], 3, a.,
lead through, lead, conduct ; pro-
long; pursue,

peregrinuB, -a, -am, [per +
ager], zjd^y., from foreign parts,
foreign. As subst., peregrinus,
-i, m., stranger, foreigner.

perendiS, adv., on the day after
to-morrow.

perennis, -e, [per + annus], adj.,
lasting through the year ; per-
ennial ; continual, perpetual.

pereo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itom,
[per + eo], irr., VL.,pass away;
perish, disappear; be lost.

perferd, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [per
+ fero], irr., a., bear through;
bring, carry ; announce, report;
bear, suffer ; retain to the end.

periicid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[per + facio], 3, a., carry out^
execute, accomplish, perform ;
cause, effect.

perfldia, -ae, [perfidus], i., faith-
lessness, treachery.

perfidus, -a, -um, adj., promise-
breaking, faithless, dishonest.

perfor5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
break through, pierce, perfo-
rate.

pextnior, -frui, fructus sum, 3,
dep., n., enjoy fully, be delighted.

perfuga, -ae, [per -i- fuga], m.,
fugitive, deserter.

perfugid, -fugere, -fugi. — , 3,
n., flee for refuge, go over, de-
sert.

pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum,
[per + rego], 3, a. and n., go
on, proceed, hasten, continue,
march.

perlclitor, -ari, -atus sum, [pe-
riculum], i, dep., a. and n.,
try, prove, test ; be in danger,
incur danger.

periculoBUB, -a, -um, comp. pe-
riculosior, sup. periculdsissi-
mus, [periculum], adj., dan-
gerous, perilous.

periculum, -i, n., trial; danger^
peril.

peritUB, -a, -um, adj., experienced,
practised, skilled, expert.

permittd, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[per + mitto], 3, a., let pass ;
cast, hurl; hand over, intrust,
surrender ; permit, allow.

permoved, -movere, permdvi,
permdtum, [per + moved], 2,
a., move deeply, rouse, excite,
influence.

permultuB, -a, -um, [per -j- mul-
tus], adj., very much, very
many. As subst., permultum,
-i, n., a great deal; permulti,
-orum, m., pi., very many.

permiito, -are, -avi, -atum, [per
-\- muto], I, a., change through-
out; interchange, exchange.

pemicifiB, -ei, f., destruction,
death, ruin, overthrow; pest,
curse.

PERNICIOSUS

84

PESTIS

I>eiiiicl5sii8, -a, -mn, comp.
pemicidsior, sup. pernicid-
«imimii», [pemicies], adj., </^-
sfructive, ruinous, pernicious,
dangerous.

perdrd, -ire, -avi, -atmn, [per
+ 5r5], I, a., speak from the be-
ginning, plead; end, close, finish.

perpeU5, -pellere, -puli^-palsum,
[per + pelld], 3, a. , drive, urge,
force, compel.

perpetu5, [perpetaus], adv.,
continually, uninterruptedly,
forever,

perpetuus, -a, -am, adj., contin-
uous, uninterrupted, perpetual,
in ^T^itJLVJSL, forever,

permmpO, -ere, -rupi, -mptam,
[per + mmpo], 3, a., break
throu^, force a way through^
get across; overcome.

persaepe, [per + saepe], adv.,
very often,

persequor, -aeqoi, -secatuB sum,
[per+ sequor], 3, dep., ?^., fol-
low perseveringly, follow up,
pursue; overtake; execute, ac-
complish.

perBi)ici5, -ere, -spezi, -spectnm,
[per 4- specie], 3, a., look
through, look into, see through;
discern, note, contemplate.

per8txlng5,-ere, perstrinxi, per-
strictum, [per -|- stringo], 3,
a., bind closely, touch closely,
graze; affect deeply, thrill,
move, wound.

perBuSlde5, -ere, persnasi, per-
suasum, [per-i- suadeo], 2, a.,
convince, persuade, prevail on.

peitaedet, -ere, -taesam est,
[per -I- taedet], 2, a., impers., it
wearies, it disgusts.

pertexrefeici5, -ere, perterrefecn,
perterrefactom, [per + terre-
facio], 3, 9i., frighten thoroughly.

pertinaciter, [pertinax], adv.,
persistently, obstinately, stub-
bornly.

pertinkz, -ads, [per -i- tenax],
adj., persevering, obstinate, per-
tinacious.

pertineo, -ere, -ui, — , [per4-
teneo], 2, n.-, stretch out, eJc-
tend; rtach; belong, pertain;
apply, suit.

per^:ah5, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,
[per -I- traho], 3, a., draw
along, drag; lead,

pertarb5, -are, -avi, -atom, [per
-I- turbo], I, a., confuse, disturb,
confound ; embarrass.

perveni5, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
[per -I- venio], 4, n., reach, come
to; penetrate, attain.

p6B, pedis, m.,fooi. pedem re-
ferre, to retreat.

pesBimufl, -a, -am, adj., sup. of
malas.

pestiferuB, -era, -erum, [pestis,
cf. fero], adj., destructive, bane-
ful, pernicious.

pestuens, -entis, [pestis], adj.,
pestilential, infected, unwhole-
some, destructive.

pestilentia, -ae, [pestilens], f.,
infectious disease, plague, pesti-
lence; corruption.

pestlB, -is, f., infectious disease,
plague, pest ; curse, bane.

PETITIO

35

PLERUSQUE

petitid, -onis, [peto], f., thrust,
attack ; application^ candidacy ;
petition,

pet5, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 3,
a., strive for, seek; go to; at-
tack ; demand, beg, ask, request.

phalerae, -arum, f., pi., metal
plate for the breast; for horses,
metal decoration for the breast.

FhamacSB, -is, m., Pharnaces,
son of Mithridates the Great,
king of Pontus.

FharsfllicuB, -a, -um, adj., of
PharsaluSy at Pharsalus.

FharsIluB, -i, f., Pharsalus (Phar-
salia), a town in Thessaly, noted
for the defeat of Pompey by Ju-
lius Caesar in 48 B.C.

philOBophia, -ae, i., philosophy.

philOBOphuB, -a, -urn, adj., philo-
sophical. As subst., philoso-
phus, -i, ra., philosopher.

FhiluB, -1, m., PhiluSy family name
of P. Furius Philus, who dis-
closed the plot of the young
nobles to Scipio; see p. 34.

piet&s, -atis, [pins], f., dutiful
conduct , devotion, piety; affec-
tion, love, loyalty.

piget, -ere, piguit and pigitom
est, 2, impers., a., it irks, pains,
grieves, disgusts, me piget ali-
cuius, lafn ashamed of anything.

pIgnuB, -oris and -eris, n., pledge,
pawn, security ; hostage^ wager,
stake; assurance, proof

pilleus, -i, m., and piUeum, -i,
n., close fitting cap ; skull-cap.

pirftta, -ae, m., sea-robber, corsair,
pirate.

pIrftticiiB, -a, -am, [pirata], adj.,
of ^e pirates, with the pirates.

piscina, -ae, [piscis], f., fish-
pond.

piscis, -is, m.,fish.

Pi85, -onis, m., Piso, family name
of Z. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, an
opponent of C. Gracchus.

piacSbillB, -e, [plac5], adj., to
be conciliated, placable ; pacify-
ing^ acceptable.

Flacentia, -ae, f., Placentia, a
city in Cisalpine Gaul on the
Po, the modern Piacenza.

placed, -ere, -111, or placitus
sum, 2, n. , please, give pleasure ;
be pleasing, suit, satisfy. Im-
pers. placet, it is agreed, is set-
tled, is resolved.

pl&co, -are, -avi, -atom, [ci.
placed], I, a., quiet, soothe, allay,
appease ; reconcile, conciliate.

pllga, -ae, f., stroke, blow, thrust;
calamity, disaster,

PlancuB, -i, m., Plancus, family
name of L. Plautius Plancus,
proscribed and killed by the sec-
ond Triumvirate in 43 B.C.

plaustnim, -1, n., wagon, cart.

plauBUB, -us, [plaudo], m., clap-
ping; applause, acclamation.

pl6b8, plebis, and plSbea, -ei or
-i, f., common people, commons,
plebeians, populace.

pl6nuB, -a, -um, [cf. pled], adj.,
full, filled; plentiful.

plSrusque, -aque, -umque, adj.,
very great part, majority. As
subst., plerique, -or umque, m.,
pi., most people.

PLINIUS

86

POPULUS

FlXniUfl, -i, m., Plinius, Pliny,
gentile name of C. Pftnius Se-
cundus, bom 23 A.D., author of
the famous Historia Naturalis.
He lost his life in the eruption
of Vesuvius, in 79 A.D., by which
Pompeii was destroyed.

Pldtios, -i, m., PloHus, gentile
name of M, PtoHus, who took
part in the civil war between
Caesar and Pompey.

plnmbeua, -a, -am, [plumbum],
adj., of lead, leaden; stupid,
stolid,

plnmbmn, -1, n., lead.

plfLs, pluriB, adj., comp. of mul-
tus. As subst., plus, pluris,
n., more ; plures, -iom, m., pL,
more, the majority.

plfLiimuB, -a, -um, adj., sup. of
multuB.

poena, -ae, f., indemnification,
recompense; punishment, pen-
alty, price.

Poeni, -drum, m., pi., the Car-
thaginians, so named from their
Phoenician origin.

poSta, -ae, m.,poet.

polliceor,-eri,-itu8 sum, 2,dep.,a.
and n., hold forth, offer, promise.

P511i5, -5nis, m., Pollio, surname
of Vedius PoUid, a friend of
Augustus, punished by Augustus
for his inhumanity to a slave.

PompSifinuB, -a, -um, adj., of
Pompey, Pompeian.

PompSiuB, -i, m., Pompeius, Pom-
pey, a Roman gentile name. In
this book refers to Cn. Pompeius
Magnus ; see p. 60.

Fompiliaa, -i, m., Pompilius,
gentile name of Numa Pom-
pilius. See Nmna.

Fomptiniui, -a, -um, adj.. Pomp-
tine, Pompiinae palddes, the
Pomptine Marshes, a marshy
tract of country on the coast of
Latium, about fifty miles south-
east of Rome.

pond5, [cf. pondus], old abl.
case, adv., by weight, weighing a
pound; with numerals, [sc. li-
bra], pounds.

pondufl, -eria, [cf. pendd], n.,
a weight, burden; importance.

p5n5, -ere, posui, positum, 3, a.,
put down, place, fix, deposit ;
spend, employ; set up, build.
castra p5nere, to pitch camp.
mdimentum p5iiere, to learn,
to take first steps in.

pons, pontis, m., bridge.

ponticuluB, -1, [dim. of pdns],
m., little bridge.

FonticuB, -a, -um, of Pontus, to
Pontus, Pontic.

FontUB, -i, m., Pontus, a country in
northeastern Asia Minor, south
of the Euxine Sea.

popul&iiB, -e, [populus], adj.,
of the people, popular ; accepta-
ble to the multitude. As subst.,
populariB, -is, m., fellow-coun-
tryman.

populor, -an, atus sum, i, dep.,
a., lay waste, ravage, spoil, de-
stroy, ruin.

populuB, -i, m., people, nation;
sing, coll., the people, the citi-
zens.

PORRIGO

87

POTENS

porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum,
[por = pro H- rego], 3, a., spread
out, stretch out, extend ; offer,
present; prolong, extend.

Forsena, -ae, m., Porsena or Por-
senna, king of Clusium, and
head of the Etruscan league in
the time of Tarquin the Proud.

porta, -ae, f., city gate, gate, en-
trance, passage,

portendd, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
[por = pro + tends], 3, 2.,, point
out, indicate; predict, presage,
foretell.

porticus, -us, [porta], f., covered
walk between columns, colonnade,
portico.

ports, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
bear, carry, convey, bring.

portorium, -i, [cf. porta], n.,
tax, toll, duty, tariff.

portus, -us, [cf. porta], m., har-
bor, haven, port.

poBc5, -ere, poposci, — , 3, inch.,
a., ask urgently, demand, beg;
require, need.

FosIdoniuB, -i, m., Posidonius, a
distinguished Stoic philosopher
of Apameia in Syria, a contem-
porary of Cicero and Pompey.

possum, posse, potui, [potis,
able, 4- sum], irr., n., be able,
have power, can ; be strong, have
influence.

post, adv. and prep. :

(i) As adv., a/2'^r, behind; after-
ward.
(2) As prep., with ace. only,
after ^ behind; since ; beneath,
next to.

postel, [post -f- ea], adv., after-
wards, later, then.

posteruB, -a, -um, comp. poste-
rior, sup. postremus or postu-
mus, [post], adj., coming after,
subsequent; next, following. As
subst., poster!, -drum, m., pi.,
descendants, posterity. Comp.
posterior, -ius, later, inferior.
Sup. postremus, -a, -um, last;
lowest, ad postremum,yf/2a//K>
at last.

posthlc, [post + liac], adv., after
this, hereafter, in future.

posticus, -a, -um, [post], adj.,
in the rear^ behind, posterior.
As subst., posticum, -i, n., back
door.

postis, -is, m., post, door-post;
pi., door.

postquam, [post + quam], conj.,
after that, after, as soon as;
when ; since, inasmuch as.

postrSmd, [abl. of postremus],
adv., at last, finally, last of
all.

postremus, see posterns.

postridie, [poster! die], adv., on
the day after, next day.

postul&tum, -i, [postuld], n.,
demand, request, claim.

postuld, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
ask, demand, claim ; request.

Fostumns, -i, m., Postumtts, an
early Roman forename, used
also as a surname; see Postu-
mus Cominius, p. 16.

potSns, -entis, [part, of possum],
adj., able, mighty, strong; potent^
influential.

POTENTATUS

88

PRAEMIUM

potentfttus, -as, [potens], m.,
might, power ; rule^ dominion.

potentia, -ae, [potens], f., mighty
force, power; rule, sway, emi-
nence,

potestlB, -atis, [potis], f., aHl-
ity, power ^ capacity ; self-con-
trol; sway, dominion, rule ; op-
portunity,

potior, -iri, -itus snin, [potisj,
4, dep., n., become master of get
possession of, obtain^ acquire;
hold, possess, occupy,

prae, prep, with abl., before, in
front of; in comparison with.

praeacfLtuB, -a, -urn, [prae +
acutus], adj., sharp in front,
sharpened, pointed.

praebe5, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae
-K liabeo], 2, a., hold out, prof-
fer, offer, grant, supply ; yield,
surrender ; show, exhibit, repre-
sent.

praec6d5, -ere, -cessa, -cesBiun,
[prae + ced5], 3, n. and 2.., go
before, lead; outstrip, surpass.

praeceptor, -oris, [praecipid],
m., teacher, instructor, praecep-
tor.

praeceptum, -1, [praecipio], n.,
maxim, rule, order, direction,
command.

praecldo, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum,
[prae + caedo], 3, a., cut off
in front; cut off, cut short ;
finish, end, destroy.

praecipid, -ere, -cepi, -ceptnm,
[prae -}- capio], 3, a., take be-
forehand, anticipate ; give rules,
admonish, direct; bid, order.

praecipu6, [praecipuus], adv.,
chiefly, principally, eminently.

praecl2Lr6, [praeclarus], adv.,
gloriously, excellently.

praecl&rus, -a, -urn, [prae +
clams], adj., very bright, very
brillia nt ; excellent^ fine.

praec5, -dnis, [prae + voco],
m., crier, herald.

praeda, -ae, f ., property taken in
war; booty, spoil, plunder, prey.

praedic&ti5, -5nis, [praedicd],
i., public proclamation, praising,
praise.

praedic5, -are, -avi,-atam, [prae
-f dico], I, a., make known by
proclamation^ announce, pro-
claim, declare ; praise, commend,

praedic5, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum,
[prae + dico], 3, a., say before-
hand, warn, admonish.

praed5, -onis, [praeda], m., one
that makes booty, plunderer, rob-
ber.

praefectUB, -i, [praeficid], m.,
overseer, commander.

praefer5, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
irr., a., bear before ; offer, pre-
sent; prefer, rate higher; dis-
play, reveal,

praefer5z, -ocis, [prae+ ferox],
adj., very violent, impetuous, in-
solent, full of confidence.,

praefor, -far!, -fatus sum, [prae
+ for], I, dep., a., say before,
premise, preface ; utter a pre-
liminary prayer.

praemium, -i, [prae + em5] , n.,
advantage, favor, reward, re-
compense; prize, plunder, booty-

PRAERIPIO

89

PRETIUM

praeripi5, -ere, -ripui, -reptum,
3, a., snatch away^ carry off;
seize prematurely, anticipate.

praesens, -entis, [part, of prae-
sum], adj., at hand, present, in
person; immediate, instant ; fa-
voring^ propitious.

praesidimn, -i, [praeses], n.,
defence, protection, help ; garri-
son, post, staiion.

prae8t5, -stare, -stiti, -stitum,
I, n. and a., stand out, stand
before, be superior, excel ; show,
exhibit. Impers. praecrtat, it is
better.

praesom, -esse, -fai, — , irr., n.,
be before ; rule, have charge of,
govern.

praeter [prae], adv. and prep,
with ace. only, past, by, beyond;
against, contrary to; except^ be-
sides. In composition, past, be-
yond.

praeterel, [praeter + ea], adv.,
in addition, further, besides,
moreover.

praetere5, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum,
[praeter -I- eo], irr., n. and 9L.,go
by, pass by; omit^ disregard;
surpass.

praeteritus, -a, -am, [part, of
praetered], adj., gone by, past,
departed.

praetervehor, -vehi, -vectus
stun, [praeter -t- vehor], 3,
dep., n. and a., be borne past,
drive past ; pass by.

praeteztus, -a, -am, [part, of
praetexo], adj., bordered, edged.
As subst, praetexta, -ae, f., [sc.

toga], the toga praetexta; see
note to p. 11,1. 16.

praetor, -5ris, [for praeitor,
prae, cf. eo], m., leader, chief,
praetor, a magistrate at Rome
charged with the administration
of justice. At first there was
but one praetor, but at an early
period two were chosen, then
six. Under Sulla there were
eight, and the number finally
reached sixteen.

praet5rla8, -a, -am, [praetor],
adj., of a praetor, praetorian.
As subst., praetorias, -i, m.,
one who has been praetor, ex-
tractor,

praevenid, -ire, -veni, -ventam,
[prae -I- venio], 4, n. and a.,
come before,get start of, outstrip,
anticipate.

prandium, -1, n., late breakfast,
luncheon, taken by the Romans
at about noon.

pr&vuB, -a, -am, adj., crooked;
perverse, irregular, improper,
lurong.

precor, -aii, -atas sum, i, dep.,
a., ask, beg, supplicate, beseech;
call upon, invoke.

prehendo, and pr6nd5, -ere, -di,
-sam, 3, a., lay hold of, grasp,
seize; check, arrest; compre-
hend.

pretidBiis, -a, -am, [pretiam],
adj., of great value, costly^ pre-
cious; dear, expensive.

pretiuxn, -i, n., price, money
value ; esteem ; recompense, re-
ward.

PREX

90

PROCURO

preZy precis, nom. and gen. sing,
not in use, [precor], i.^ prayer,
request, entreaty,

prfdem, see lam.

prfdiS, adv., the day before.

piimd, [primus], adv., at first,
at the beginning, first,

prImdr6B, -am, [primus], m.,
pi., chiefs ^ nobles, first men,

primum, [primus], adv., at first.

primus, see prior.

prXnceps, -ipis, [primus, cf. ca-
pio], adj., yfrj/ in order, fore-
most. As subst., m., the first
man, leader, chief; emperor,

principium, -i, [princeps], n., be-
ginning, commencement, origin,

prior, -lus, gen. -5ris, adj., comp.,
former, first. Sup. primus, -a,
-\im, first, foremost; chief noble.

priecuB, -a, -um, [for prius-cus],
adj., of old, ancient, antique,

PrlecuB, -i, m., Prise us, surname
of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth
king of Rome.

priBtinuB, -a, -um, [for prius-
tinus], ^.{^y, former, original,

priuB, adv., comp., before, sooner,
previously; rather,

prluBquam, [prius + quam],
conj., earlier than, sooner than,
before.

priv&tim, [privatus], adv., as an
individual^ privately, in a pri-
vate capacity.

prfvStuB, -a, -um, [part, of privo],
adj., apart, peculiar, personal,
private. As subst., privatus, -i,
m., man in private life, private
citizen.

prIvo, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,

bereave, deprive, rob,

pr5, prep, with abl. orAy, for ; in-
stead of ; as; in behalf of

pr6, interj., O! ah! alas!

proavuB, -i, [pro -|- avus], m.,
great-grandfather,

prob5, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro-
bus], I, a., make good, approve,
commend; show, prove,

probOBClB, -idis, f., proboscis,

Proca, -ae, m., Proca, name of
one of the fabulous kings of
Alba, the father of Numitor
and Amulius.

pr5c6dd, -cedere, -ceso, — ,
[pr6-|-ced5], 3, n., go before,
go forward, march on; advance,
make progress,

procella, -ae, f., violent wind,
storm, hurricane; sudden attack.

pr5cSritft8, -atis, [prdcerus], f.,
height, tallness.

pr5cl&m5, -are, -avi, -atum,
[pro + clamo] , i , n., call, cry out,

proconBul, -ulis, m., governor of
a province, proconsul,

procul, adv., in the distance, far ^
afar off; of time, long before.

ProculuB, -i, m., Proculus, sur-
name of Julius Proculus. See
p. 4, 1. 20.

pr5cumb5, -cumbere, prdcubui,
procubitum, [pro -I- cumbo], 3,
n., fall forwards, sink down, fall
prostrate,

pr5Grdr5, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro
-f- euro], I, a., take care of, at-
tend to, look after ; averts expi^
ate by sacrifice.

PRODEO

91

PROMISSUS

prdded, -ire, -ii, -itum, [prod,
old form of pro, + eo], irr., n.,
go forth, come forxvard^ stand
out; go forward, proceed,

prodigium, -i, n., prophetic sigtif
omen, portent; monster , prodigy.

proditid, -onis, [cf. prodo], f.,
betrayal^ treason, treachery.

proditor, -oris, [cf. prodo], m.,
betrayer, traitor.

pr5d5, -dere, -didi, -ditnin, [pro
+ ^\ 3» ^'i put forth, exhibit;
reveal, disclose ; surrender.

proelior, -ari, -atus sum, [proe-
limn], I, dep., n., join battle.

proelium, -i, n., battle, combat.

profecto, [pro -f- facto], adv.,
actually, indeed, really, cer-
tainly.

prdfero, -ferre, -ttili, -latmn,
[pro 4- fero], irr., a., carry out,
produce, put forth, put off; make
known, mention; present.

proficid, 'ficere, -feci, -fectum,
[pro + facio], 3, a. and n.,
make headway, make progress,
succeed, accomplish; do good,
avail.

proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum,
3, dep., n., set out, depart,
march.

profiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, [pro
-f fateor], 2, dep., a. and n.,
declare publicly, profess, nomen
profiieri, to avow oneself a can-
didate,

pr5flig5, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
strike to the ground, overthrow,
overcome ; ruin, destroy.

profagio, -fagere, -fagi, — , 3,

n., ffee, run away, escape ; take
refuge.

profugUB, -a, -am, [cf. profagio],
adj., fugitive, in flight. As
subst., profag^s, -i, m.., fugitive,
exile.

profundd, -ere, -fadi, -fasam,
[pro 4- fundo], 3, 2.., pour out;
squander, shed; bring forth,
utter, se profandere, to rush
forth, rush out.

profuBUB, -a, -am, [part, of pro-
fundd], adj., lavish, extrava-
gant, profuse.

pr5gredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, [pro + gradior], 3, dep.,
n-, go forth, go on; advance,
make progress.

prohibed, -ere, -ui, -itum, [pro
-f- liabed], 2, a., hold back,
check; hinder, prevent; forbid,
prohibit.

prdicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,
[pro -f- iacio], 3, a., throw forth,
throw out, throw; expel, banish.

proinde, [pro -f inde] , adv., hence,
therefore, accordingly ; in like
manner, equally.

pr51&bor, -labi, -lapsus sum,
[pro + labor], 3, dep., n., glide
forward, glide along; fall down,
fall in ruins ; escape ; fail, err ;
go to ruin.

prdmined, -ere, -ui, — , 2, n.,
stand out, project, extend; lean
out.

prdmlBBUB, -a, -um, [part, of
promitto], adj., hanging down,
lonsr.

PROMITTO

92

PROSUM

prdmittS, -ere,

[pro + mitto], 3, a., Ut go^ put
forth ; foretell^ promise.

pr5mptfi, [promptus], adv.,
readily^ quickly.

pr5mptaa, -a, -nm, [part of
promo], adj., set forth, manifest;
at hand f ready, quick, prompt,

pronepds, -dtU, [pro + nepds],
m. , great-grandson.

pr5nfinti6, -are, -ftvi, -atnm, i,
a. and n., announce, declare.

prope, adv., and prep, with ace,
near,athand,soon, nearly, almost.

pr6pell6, -pellere, -poll, -pnlsom,
[prd + pell5], 3, a., drive for-
ward, drive away ; impel.

pr6p&imiB, -a, -am, [part of prd-
pendeo], adj., hanging down;
inclined^ disposed, ready ; kindly-
disposed.

properd, -are, -avi, -atom, i, n.,
make haste.

propinqims, -a, -nm, [prope],
adj., near, neighhoring. As
subst., m. and f., relation, rela-
tive.

pr6pand, -ere, -posiii, -positnm,
[pro -I- pond], 3, a., put forth,
set forth ; propose, offer ; declare,
relate ; resolve, determine.

prSpositam, -i, [propono], n.,
plan, design ; subject, theme.

proprie, [proprius], K^iy., person-
ally, in person; peculiarly, es-
pecially.

propter, prep, with ace. only,
near, next to; on account of.

proripi6, -ripere, -ripui, -reptam,
[pro -I- rapid], 3, a., drag forth ;

drive out ; impel. b6 proripere,
to rush out.

pr5rog5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [pro
-I- rogO], I, a., prolong, extend,
put off.

pr5BCxib5, -8cribere,pr5seripai,
prdacriptnm, [pro 4- scnbd],
3, a., make public ; publish, an-
nounce; offer for sale; outlaw,
proscribe.

pr5BCifpti5, -dnis, [proscribd],
f., notice of sale; proscription,
confiscation.

prdaciiptUB, -i, [prdscribo], m.,
outlaw, proscribed person.

prdsequor, -seqni, -secatiiB sum,
[pro + aequor], 3, dep., a.,
follow, accompany, attend; chase,
pursue.

PrSaerpina, -ae, f., Proserpina^
the Latin form of Persephone,
wife of Pluto and queen of the
lower world.

pr5sili5, -ire, -ni, — , 4, n., leap
forward, spring forth; rush,
make haste.

pr5spenis,-a, -nm, [pro -t- apes],
adj., according to hope; favor-
able, fortunate, propitious; of
good omen.

prospers, [prdapems], adv., ac-
cording to hope, favorably, pro-
pitiously.

pr58tem5, -stemere, prostravi,
prostratnm, [pro -f- stemo], 3,
9,., strew before ; cast down, over-
throw; ruin, destroy.

prdsam, prddesse, profiii, [pro
+ snm], irr., n., be useful, do
good; benefit, profit.

PROTENDO

93

PUNGO

pr5tend5, -ere, — , -tmn, [pro +
tendo], 3, 2^.^ stretch oiit, extend.

pr5tinu8, adv., right on ; con-
tinuously ; immediately J at once.

provehd, -vehere, -veu, -vectum,
[pro + veho], 3, carry forward.

prdvincia, -ae, f., office^ charge,
province, government of a terri-
tory outside of Italy by a magis-
trate of Rome.

provoc5, -are, -avi, -atom, [pro-
-f voco], I, a. and n. , call forth,
summon; make an appeal, ap-
peal; stimulate, stir up; challenge,

prozixn6, [proximuBJj adv., ;i^^zr-
est, next.

prozixnuB, -a, -am, [prope], adj.,
nearest, next; of time, latest,
last; next, following, in prox-
imo, near by, close at hand. As
subst., proximi, -drum, m., pi.,
the bystanders.

prildSns, -entis, [for prdvidens,
part, of provided], adj., fore-
seeing, knowing; skilful^ expe-
rienced, prudent, clever, intelli-
gent.

prildeiitia, -ae, [prudens], f.,
foresight; acquaintance, knowl-
edge, skill ; good sense.

paittacuB, -i, m., parrot.

PtolemaeuB, -i, Ptolemaeus, Ptol-
emy, the name of several kings
of Egypt.

piibllcS, [publicus], adv., on ac-
count of the people, publicly, by
order of the state.

pfiblicS, -are, -avi, -atum, [pu-
blicas], I, a., open to the public,
make public, confiscate ; publish.

publicuB, -a, -urn, [populas],
adj., of the people, of the state,
public, common. As subst., pub-
licum, -i, n., public place; pos-
sessions of the state, public treas-
ury.

PubliuB,-!, m., Publius, a Roman
forename.

paella, -ae, [dim. of puer], i., fe-
male child, girl, maiden ; young
woman.

puer, pueri, m., male child, boy,
young man, usually until seven-
teen; slave.

paerHlB, -e, [puer], adj., boy-
ish, youthful; childish, trivial,
silly.

puerltia, -ae, [puer], f., boyhood,
childhood, youth. See puer.

pflgid, -onis, m., short dagger,
poniard.

pfLgna, -ae, f., hand to hand fight,
battle; dispute, quarrel.

pugn&x, -acia, [pugno], adj.,
fond of fighting, combative, war-
like ; quarrelsome.

pugii5, -are, -avi, -atum,
[pugna], I, n. and a., fight,
contend; oppose, resist, strug-
gle with.

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj.,
beautiful, fair, handsome; ex-
cellent, noble, illustrious.

pulchritadd, -inis, [pulcher],
f , beauty ; excellence.

pulvlB, -eris, m., rarely f., dust,
powdtr; toil.

pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctum,
3, a., prick, puncture : sting ;
grieve, torment, afflict.

PUNICUS

94

QUARTANUS

Fibiiciui, -a, -nin, adj., Punicy
Carthaginian.

p{Liii5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [poena],
4, 2i.fpunishy correct, chastise.

p&rgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [porus
+ *go], I, a., make clear,
purify y cleanse ; excuse, justify,
refute.

puto, -are, -avi, -atiim, i, a.,
cleanse; reckon, value; con-
sider, judge, think, suppose.

PyrSnaeuB, -a, -um, adj., Pyre-
naean. As subst., Pyrenaei,
-Oram, [sc. montes], m., pi.,
the Pyrenees.

Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus; see p. 17, 1. 12.

Q., with proper names = Qmntns,
a Roman forename.

quadrageaimuB, -a, -mn, [quad-
raginta], ?id]., fortieth,

quadr&gintft, nmn. adj., indecl.,
forty.

quadrigae, -arum, [for qnad-
riiagae], f., pi., team of four,
four-horse team.

quaerd, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi-
tum, 3, Si., seek, look for ; desire,
require; inquire, ask.

quaestor, -5ris, [= quaesitor,
from quaero], m., quaestor, a
Roman magistrate whose duties
varied at different periods. At
first there were but two quaes-
tors, but the number was in-
creased until it reached forty
under Caesar's administration.

At that time the quaestors were

engaged in the care of public

moneys and of military stores,

partly at Rome and partly in the

provinces.
quaeatura, -ae, [quaestor], f.,

office of quaestor, quaestor ship,
quSUia, -e, adj., inter., of what

kind? rel., of such a kind, such as.
quSUiacuxnque, -ecnmque, adj.,

of whatever kind ; of any kind.
quam, [cf. qui], adv., how, how

much ; after comparatives, than.

tarn . . . quam, so , , . as.

quam diu, as long as.
quam pnmum, as soon as possible,
quamquam, [quam -|- quam],

conj., though, although ; and

yet, however,
quamvla, [quam -f- vis], conj.,

however much, although,
quantum, [quantus], adv., rel., so

much as, to as great an extent;

inter., how much? how far ?
quantus, -a, -um, adj., rel., as

great as, as; inter., hozo great?

how much ? quantus . . . tantus,

as much . . , as, as great . , . as,
quSpropter, [qua -f- propter],

adv., inter., for what? why?

wherefore ? rel, wherefore,
qu2Lr3, [qua -f- re], adv., inter.,

by what means ? whereby ? how ?

rel., by reason of which, so that;

wherefore, therefore.
quart&nus, -a, -um, [quartus],

adj., of the fourth, occurring on

the fourth day. As subst., quar-

tana, -ae, f., [sc. febris], quar-
tan ague.

QUARTUS

95

QUIRINUS

qu&rtos, -a, -um,^ [quattuor],
num. z,dL}.i fourih.

quasi, [qua + si]» adv. and conj.,
as if i just as if, as thou^ ; about,
nearly, as it were.

quater, [cf. quattuor], num. adv.,
four times,

quattaor, num. adj., indecl.,/<7»r.

-que, conj., enclitic, and, but.

queror, -i, questus 811x11,3, dep.,n.,
express grief, lament, complain»

qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter,
adj. pron., which? what? what
kind of a ?

qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel.
pron., who, which, what, that;
at the beginning of a clause
often best rendered by a per-
sonal or demonstrative pronoun
with or without and ox but,

qui, quae, quod, indef. pron., used
after si, nisi, ne, and num, any.

qui, [old abl. of rel. qui], adv.,
inter., hffw ? rel., whereby,

quia, conj., because, since.

quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque, [qui + cumque], rel.
pron., 7ohoever, whatever, every
one who, everything that.

quidam, qaaedam, quiddam,
and as adj., quoddam, indef.
pron., a certain, somebody, some-
thing, a certain man ; pL, some,
certain ones.

quidem, [qui], adv., indeed, in
fact ; at least, ne . . . quidem,
not even.

quidnl, adv., why not?

quiSs, -etis, f., rest, repose, sleep ;
peace, respite.

quiStua, -a, -urn, [part, of qui-
esco], adj., at rest, inactive;
quiet, peaceful.

quin, [qui + -ne], conj., why not?
but, but that, that, quin etiam,
nay^ even, moreover,

QuinctiliuB, -i, m., Quinctilius,
gentile name of P. Quinctilius
Varus, a general of Augustus
who suffered a disastrous defeat
at the hands of the Germans,
B.C. 9.

QuinctniB, -e, [quintus], adj.,
of the fifth month, counting from
March. The month was after-
ward called lulius (July), in
honor of Julius Caesar.

quXugenH, -ae, -a, num. 2.^},, five
hundred,

quinqu&ginta, num. adj., indecl.,

fifty-

quinque, indecl. num.,yfz/^.

quiuquennium, -i, [quinque +
annus] , n. , period of five years,

quinquiens, [qmnque], 2As,,five
times,

quintua, -a, -um, [quinque],
num. B.^]., fifth.

quippe, [quid + -pe], adv., of
course, as you see, naturally, by
all means; since, for.

Quirln&liB, -e, [Quirinus], adj.,
of Quirtnus, Quirinal. As
subst., [sc. collis], m., the Quiri-
nal hill, one of the seven hills
of Rome.

QuirlhuB, -i, m., of Cures, of the
Quirttes, hence, Quirtnus, a
name applied to Romulus after
his deification.

QUIRITES

96

RAPIDUS

.Qulrltes, -iam, m., pi., inhabi-
tants of Cures, Quirites; the
Roman citizens.

quia, quid, inter, pron., who^
which one? what?

qtils, qua, quid, indef. pron., any
one, any, anything,

quisnam, quaenam, qoidnam,
[qais + nam], indef. pron., 71^^^^
in the world? whcU in the world?

qulspiam, see p. 124.

quiaquam, qaaeqaam, quic-
qaam, [qois + qaam], indef.
pron., any one, anybody, any-
thing; some one, something,

qniaque, quaeqae, qaidqne, and
as adj., quodqae, [quia +
•qae], indef. pron., each one,
every, everybody, everything.

qniaqula, — , quicqnid, and as
adj., quodquod, indef. pron.,
whoever, whatever, every one
who, everything which.

qu5, [qui], adv. and conj. :

(i) As adv., inter., whither?
to what place? rel., whither,
where, when; by what, by as
much as; wherefore.
(2) As conj., that, in order
that.

qudcumque, [quo + cumque],
adv., to whcftever place, whither-
soever.

quod, adv. and conj. :

(i) As adv., with respect to
which, in what, as to what.
quod n, but if and yet if.
(2) As conj., that, in that; be-
cause, since, for ; as to the
fact that, whereas.

qu5mlnuB, £quo, minus], conj.,

that not, to prevent, lest; often

best TtnAextA from.
qu6modo, [quo, mode], adv.,

inter., in what manner? in

what way? how? rel., in the

manner that, as.
quondam, adv., at some time, at

one time; once, formerly; of

the future, some day, hereafter.
quoniam, [quom, old form of

cum, + iam], conj., since, as,

because, whereas.
quoque, conj., placed after the

emphatic word, also, too.
qu5r8iim and qudrsaa, [quo,

versus], adv., to what place?

whither? for what purpose?

for whctt?
quot, adj., pi., indecl., inter., how

many ? rel., as many as.
quotamils, [quot, annis], adv.,

every year, annually, yearly.
quotiSnBCumqtie, [quot], adv.,

inter., how often ? how many

times ? rel., as often as.
quofLsque, [quo 4- usque], adv.,

until what time? till when?

how long?

radius, -i, m., staff, rod; beam,

ray.
r&diz, -icis, f., root; lower part,

foot, base ; origin.
rapiduB, -a, -um, comp. rapidior,

sup. rapidissimus, [T^io],adj.,

tearing away ; fierce T'^^i^etu-

ous, rapid, swift.

RAPINA

97

REFELLO

rapina, -ae, [rapio], f., robbery ^
plundering; pillage^ rapine,

rapid, rapere, rapai, raptam, 3,
a., seize and carry off; snatchy
drag; hasten^ hurry; destroy ^
pillage,

rftrG, [rams], adv., seldom,
rarely, now and then,

rftruB, -a, -am, adj., thin, rare;
scanty, scattered,

ratio, -onis, [reor], f., reckoning,
numbering, account, calcula-
tion; business; method, plan;
consideration.

re- or red-, inseparable particle,
again, back, anew,

rebello, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
4- bell5], I, n., wage war again ;
revolt, rebel, renew the combat.

rec6dd, -cedere, -cessi, •cessum,
[re- -I- cedo], 3, n., go back, re-
tire, withdraw ; desist.

reoeptuB, -iis, [cf. recipid], m.,
taking back; falling back, re-
treat,

recesBUB, -iis, [cf. recedd], m.,
going back; retreat, departure;
nook, corner.

recido or reccidd, -ere, rec-
cidi or recidi, recasum, [re-
4- cado], 3, n., fall back, re-
turn; sink, be reduced; result,
come out,

recipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[re- 4- capi5], 3, a., take back,
recover; receive, se recipere,
to draw back, retreat.

reconcilid, -are, -avi, -atum,
[re-H- concilio], i, a., regain;
reunite, reconcile ; conciliate.

recre5, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- -f-
creo], I, a.; make anew, re-
new; revive, invigorate; en-
courage.

rdcte, [rectus], adv., in a straight
line; properly, rightly, duly.

recubo, -are, — , — , [re- + cubo],
I, n., lie on one's back, lie, re-
cline,

recttaS, -are, -avi, -atom, [re-,
causa], I, a., make objection to;
decline, refuse,

redd5, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [red-
+ do], 3, a., give back, restore;
represent, imitate; pay back;
make to be, render ; surrender ;
give up,

reded, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [red-4-
ed], irr., n., go back, return,

redigo, -igere, -egi, -actum,
[red- -I- ago], 3, a., drive back,
force back, reduce.

redimd, -imere, -emi, -emptum,
[red- -I- em5], 3, a., buy back,
redeem ; ransom ; buy, pur-
chase, procure'.

redintegro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[red- + integro], i, a., make
whole again, begin again; re-
store, renew.

redituB, -us, [cf. rede6],m.,^<7m^
back, return ; income, revenue.

reducd, -ducere, -duzi, -ductum,
[re- -I- ducoj 3, a., lead back,
escort back, accompany ; bring
off; bring back, restore; re-
duce.

refelld, -ere, refelli, — , [re--t-
fallo], 3, a., show to be false,
refute, disprove.

REFERO

98

REMITTO

refero, -ferre, rettuli, reUU
tum, [re- + fero], irr., a.., dear
back, bring; raise, bear off,
recover ; return, pay back, re-
quite ; ascribe, pedem referre,
to retreat,

refove5, -fovere, -fovi, -fotum,
[re- + foveo], 2, a., warm
again; refresh, restore, revive.

reiringd, -ere, refregi, refrac-
turn, [re- + frangd], 3, a.,
break up, break open ; de-
stroy.

refugio» -fugere, -fugi, — , [re-
-f fagid], 3, n. and 9^., flee back,
flee for refuge ; avoid, shun.

rSgalia, -e, [rex], adj., of a king,
royal ; regal, splendid.

rSgia, -ae, [regius], f., royal pal-
ace, castle,

rSgiuB, -a, -um, [rex], adj., of a
king, king's, kingly, royal;
magnificent.

rSgno, -are, -avi, -atum, [reg-
num], I, n., have royal power,
rule, be king; be lord, be su-
preme.

rSgnum, -i, [cf. rex], n., kingly
government, royalty; dominion,
sovereignty, sway ; kingdom,
state.

rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, 3, a.,
keep straight, guide, direct, con-
trol; sway, rule.

regredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
[re- + gradior], 3, dep., n., go
back, return; retreat.

RSgiiluB, -i, m., Regulus, family
name of M. Attlius Regulus;
see p. 24.

r6icid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, [re-
+ iacio], 3, a., throw back, hurl
back; repel; refuse,reject scorn-
fully.

rel&bor, -labi, -lapsus sum, [re-
-f labor], 3, dep., n., slide back,
sink back ; flow back, return.

religio, -onis, [re-, cf. lego], f.,
sense of right, duty; religion,
scruple ; fear of the gods ; relig-
ion, worship.

religioBUB, -a, -um, [religid],
adj., scrupulous; holy, sacred.

religo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- +
ligo], I, a., bind, bind fast;
chain.

relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum,
[re- + linquo], 3, a., leave be-
hind; leave; bequeath.

reliquiae, -arum, [cf. relinquo],
f., pi., what is left, remnant,
rest.

reliquuB, -a, -um, [cf. relinqud],
adj., remaining, rest. As subst.,
reliquum, -1, n., remainder, rest.

remaned, -ere, remansi, — , [re-
+ maneo], 2, n., stay behind,
remain; endure, last ; continue
to be.

remedium, -i, n., that which re-
stores health, cure, remedy, medi-
cine ; help, assistance.

remigro, -are, -avi, — , [re-
-|- migro], I, n., journey back,
go back, return.

remitto, -ere, -mied, -missum,

[re- -f mitto], 3, a., let go back,

send back, cause to return ; yield,

give up; remit, grant exemption

from.

REMOVED

99

RES

removed, -ere, -movi, -motum,
[re- + moved], 2, a., move back^
withdraw^ remove,

RemuB, -i, m., Remus, twin
brother of Romulus.

ren&BCor, -nasci, -natus sain,
[re- + nascor], 3, dap., n., be
born again^grow again; revive^
reappear.

renovd, -are, -avi, -atam, [re- +
nov5], I, a., renew, restore, re-
peat; revive,

xenfLntio, -are, -avi, -atmn, [re-
-t- nantio], i, a., bring back
word, announce, report,

renuS, -nuere, -nui, — , [re- +
nuo], 3, n., nod backward, refuse
by a motion of the head; deny,
refuse,

reor, reri, ratus sum, 2, dep., a.,
reckon, believe, think, suppose,

repello, -pellere, reppoH, -pul-
sum, [re- + pello], 3, 21.,^ drive
back^ reject.^ repulse,

rependo, -ere, -pendi, -penBom,
[re- -f pendd], 3, a., weigh back,
return by weight; repay, re-
quite, reward,

repente, [repens], adv., sud-
denly, unexpectedly.

repentlixiB, -a, -urn, [repens],
adj., sudden, hasty, unexpected..

reperid, reperire, repperi or re-
peri, repertum, 4, a., find
again, meet with; discover;
learn,

repeto, -ere, -ivi, -itnin, [re- -f
pet5], 3, ^.,fall back on, attack
anew; demand back, res re-
petere, to demand restitution.

reple5, -plere, -plevi, -pletam,
[re-+ple6], 2, 9^., fill again,
r e fill, fill up ; complete.

replGtuB, -a, -am, [part, of re-
pleo], 2Ld],, filled, full,

repono, -ere, -posai, -positom,
[re- -H pono] , 3, a., put back, re-
place, restore; renew; lay up^
reckon; class.

reports, -are, -avi, -atom, [re-
-f porto], I, a., carry back; get,
obtain,

reposed, -ere, — , — , [re- 4-
posoo], 3, a., demand back, ask
again ; demand, claim,

reprehends, -ere, -di, -sum, [re-
■f prehendo], 3, a., hold fast,
seize, catch; blame, reprove;
prosecute, condemn,

reprlmo, -ere, -pressi, -pressnm,
[re- + premo], :^,2i., press back,
keep back; check, limit, confine,
repress,

repudio, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
cast off, reject, scorn, repudiate,

repQgno, -are, -avi, -atom, [re-
-f pugno], I, n., fight back, op-
pose, resist, defend oneself against.

repulsa, -ae, [repelld], f., rejec-
tion, refusal, repulse; defeat at
the polls.

reputo, -are, -avi, -atom, [re- +
puto], I, a., count over, reckon,
calculate ; meditate, reflect on.

r6fl, rei, f., thing, object, matter ;
affair, event; circumstance, con-
dition, property, possessions ;
state, commonwealth, res pub-
lica, the commonwealth, repub-
lic, re vera, indeed, in truth.

RESCINDO

lOO

RHODANUS

re8cind5, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,
[re- + scindo], 3, a., cut off,
cut loose, cut down ; renew, ex-
pose; annul, repeal,

re8eo5, -are, -Becoi, -sectom,
[re- + seed], i, a., cut loose, cut
off; check, stop.

reserd, -are, -avi, -atam, [re- -f
sero], I, B.., unlock, unclose, open.

reflld5, -sidere, -aedi, — , [re- -f
sido], 3, n., sit down, settle;
sink; grow calm, subside.

reaifltS, -sistere, -stiti, — , 3, n.,
stand back; remain standing,
halt, stop, stand still ; resist, op-
pose.

resolvd, -ere, -aolvi, -solntam,
[re- -f solve], 3, a., untie, un-
bind, loose; relax, enervate;
dissolve, melt.

re8pici5, -ere, -spezi, -spectnm,
[re- -f specid], 3, n. and a.,
look back, look back upon, gaze
at, contemplate; consider, re-
spect.

reaplrd, -are, -«vi, -atam, [re-
-f spiro], I, a. and n., blow
back, breathe out, exhale ; breathe,
recover breath, be revived.

responded, -ere, -di, -spdnsam,
[re- -f spondeo], 2, a. and n.,
answer, reply ; correspond, agree.

reapdnsom, -i, [responded], n.,
answer, reply, response; re-
sponse of oracle.

r6B pi&blica, see r^a.

reatingnS, -stingaere, restinxi,
restinctmn, [re- -f stingno], 3,
a., put out, quench, extinguish;
eusuage, allay; destroy.

reatitad, -ere, -ui, -atom, [re- +
statao], 3, a., set up again, re-
place, rebuild; restore; rem-
edy; reinstate; save.

reatd, -st&re, restiti, — ^»[re- +
ato], I, a., withstand, resist, op-
pose; be left, remain.

retine5, -tinere, -tinai, -tentiim,
[re- -f teneo], 2, a., hold back^
keep, detain, retain, restrain;
preserve, maintain,

retrahS, -ere, -trazi, -traetnm,
[re- + traho], 3, a., draw back,
call back, drag back; remove,
divert.

reua, -a, -am, adj., concerned in,
party to an action; accused, ar-
raigned. As subst., reus, -i, m.,
defendant, accused, prisoner,

[reverts, -ere], -ti, — , see i»-
▼ertor.

revertor, -i, -versiia Bmn', perf.
usually reverti, [re- -f verto] ,
3, dep., n., turn back, return,
come back; revert, recur,

r6 vGrSL, see r6a.

revocd, -are, -avi, -atnm, [re- +
▼000], I, a., call again, call
back, recall; call off,

r6z, regis, m., arbitrary ruler,
monarch, king. *

Rli6a, -ae, /^hea, forename of
/ihea Silvia, daughter of Nu-
mitor, and mother of Romulus
and Remus.

rhetor, -oris, m., teacher of ora-
tory, rhetorician, orator.

Rhodantia, -i, m., the Rhone, flow-
ing through southeastern Gaul
into the Mediterranean.

RHODUS

lOI

RUSTICUS

Rhodtu, -i, f., Rhodes^ an im-
portant island lying south of
the western part of Asia Minor.
It was famous for its schools of
rhetoric, and for its prominence
in naval affairs.

ilded, ridere, rin, risom, 2» n.
and a., laugh, smile ; laugh at,
laugh over, mock, deride,

rlgd, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
conduct, lead; wet, moisten,
water,

ifpa, -ae, f., bank of a river, mar-
gin ; shore of the sea.

rlsuB, -us, [rided], m., laughing,
laughter; object of laughter,

lite, [old abl. = ritn, from ritus],
adv., according to religious usage,
with proper ceremonies, solemnly,
duly, fitly,

rltaa, -iis, m., form of religious
observance, ceremony, rite.

ilxa, -ae, f., quarrel, brawl, dis-
putCy strife,

rdbur, -oris, n., hard wood, oak;
strength, vigor; best part, flower,

rogo, -are, -avi, -atam, i, a., ask,
inquire ; request, implore,

Rdma, -ae, f., Rome.

RdmSUiUB, -a, -um, adj., of Rome,
Roman. As subst., Romanns,
-i, m., a Roman,

RdmuluB, -1, m., Romulus, the
first king of Rome. See p. 2.

ROBCius, -i, m., Roscius, gentile
name of Sextius Roscius of
Ameria, defended by Cicero
against a charge of murder.

rdBtnim, -i, [r5do], n., beak,
bill; ship's beak; pi., the Rostra,

the speaker's platform in the
Forum. See n. to p. 44, 1. 11.

Rubied, -onis, m., the Rubicon,
a small river in northeastern
Italy, which formed the boun-
dary between Italy and Cisal-
pine Gaul.

mdlmentiim, -i, n,, first attempt,
beginning, commencement, m-
. dimentom ponere, to take first
steps in,

RofintiB, -i, m., Ruftnus, family
name of P, Cornelius Ruftnus,
a personal enemy of C. Fabri-
cius, who, however, supported
his application for a second
consulship in 277 B.C.

mlna, -ae, [rno], f., rushing
down, falling; ruin, catastro-
phe, destruction; fallen build-
ing, ruin,

nunpd, mmpere, rtlpi, mptum,
3, a., break, tear, rend; violate,
destroy.

ru5, mere, ru, mtam, 3, n. and
2^,, fall with violence, go to ruin;
cause to fall, overthrow.

rfLiBUB or rfLrBum, [= revorsus
or revorsam], adv., turned back,
back; on the contrary, again,
anew, once more.

rtlfl, rnris, n., the country ; lands,
fields, land, estate.

rfiBticor, -ari, -atus sum, [rusti-
cus], I, dep., n., sojourn in the
country, take a vacation, rusti-
cate.

ruBticuB, -a, -urn, [ras], adj., of
the country, rustic, rural, coun-
try.

SABJNUS

1 02

SALVEO

8.

SabinuB, -a, -urn, adj., of the Sa-
difus, Sabine. As subst., Sa-
bini, -orum, m., pi., the Sabines,
dwelling in central Italy north
of Latium.

Bacer, -era, -cmin, adj., dedt-
cated, consecrated^ sacred, de-
voted; forfeited, accursed.

sacerdoB, -otis, [sacer], m. and
f., priest, priestess.

Bacxifidum, -i, [sacmm, cf. fa-
cio], n., sacrifice.

Bacnun, -i, [sacer], n., something
sacred, holy thing; sacred vessel;
pi., divine worship, religious
rites.

Baeoulum, -i, n., race; genera-
tion, age ; lifetime.

Baepe, comp. saepius, sup. sae-
piBsime, adv., often, frequently.

Baepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum,
[saepes] ,4, a., surround with
a hedge, hedge in, enclose; for-
tify, guard, protect.

Baevi5, -ire, -ii, -itum, [saeyns],
4, n., be fierce, rage, rave ; show
cruelty.

Baevitia, -ae, [saevus], f., fury,
fierceness, cruelty.

BaevuB, -a, -nm, adj., raging,
mad, fierce, savage; violent,
cruel, harsh.

Bagin6, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
fatten, cram, feast.

Bagulum, -i, n., small military
cloak ; travelling-cloak.

SaguntuB, -i, f., or Saguntum,
-i, n., Saguntum, a town in the

eastern part of Spain, near the

coast, the capture of which by

Hannibal led to the second

Punic war.
BalemitantiB, -a, -nm, adj., of

Salernum^ a town in Campania,

the modem Salerno.
Sail!, -drum, [cf. salio], m., pi,

the Salii, a college of dancing

priests of Mars, founded by

Numa. See n. to p. 5, 1. 18.
Sallnfttor, -oris, m., Salinator,

surname of M. Llvius Sa/ina-

tor. See lavitiB.
BalTnnm, -i, [sal, salt}, n., vessel

for salt; salt-cellar.
Balt5, -are, -avi, -atam, [freq. of

salio], I, n., dance.
BaltOB, -as, [salio], m., nom.,

gen., and dat. sing, not in use,

leap, bound.
BaltuB, -as, m., forest, woodland,

forest-pasture ; glen, glade.
Balttbria, -e, [sains], adj., health-

giving, healthful, wholesome ;

healthy, well; beneficial, salutary.
BaliiB, -litis, f., soundness, health,

vigor ; prosperity^ safety.
Baltlt&ti5, -5nis, [saluto], f.,

greeting, salutation; ceremonial

visit.
salut&tor, -oris, [saluto], m.,

saluter.
salutd, -are, -avi, -atom, [sa-

lus], I, a., greet, wish healthy

salute, hail; call upon, visit.
Balve5, -ere, — , — , [salvus], 2,

n., be well, be in good health.

Imp. and inf. in greetings, salve,

hail; salvere iabeo, I bid hail.

SALVUS

103

SCULTENNA

aalvna, -a, -am, adj., in good
healthy well^ sounds safe,

Samnltea, -iam, m., pi, Sam-
nites, inhabitants of Samnium, a
mountainous district in central
Italy, east and southeast of La-
tium.

8fin6, [sanus], adv., soberly ^ sen-
sibly ; indeed^ by all means ^
truly ; to be sure^ certainly.

sangtiis, -inis, m., blood, blood-
shed; race, stocky family.

Bapi6nB, -entis, adj., wise, know-
ing, sensible^ discreet. As subst.,
TSi., discreet person, man of sense,
sage.

Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, a
large island in the Mediterra-
nean, west of the southern part
of Italy.

Barmentum, -i, n., twig, fagot;
pi., brushwood, fagots,

satis, adj., n., indecl., enough, suf-
ficient, satisfactory. As subst.,
enough, sufficiency. As adv.,
enough, sufficiently, moderately,
tolerably, somewhat.

saucius, -a, -am, adj., wounded,
hurt; ill., sick.

sazum, -i, n., large stone, boul-
der, rock.

scaxnnmn, -1, n., bench, stool, step;
throne:.

scelerStus, -a, -am, [cf. scelas],
adj., polluted, profaned, defiled;
impious, wicked, accursed.

sceleste, [scelestas], adv., wick"
edly, impiously, abominably.

scelestas, -a, -am, [scelas], adj.,
impious, wicked, infamous. As

subst., m. and f., infamous per-
son, wretch, scoundrel.

scelus, -eris, n., wicked deed,
crime, sin, wickedness.

schola, -ae, f., intermission of
work, leisure for learning, de-
bate, lecture; place of learning,
school.

scindo, -ere, scic^, scissam, 3,
a., (Tut, tear, rend, split; part,
divide.

scio, -ire, -ivi, -itom, 4, a., know,
know how; understand, per-
ceive.

Sclpi5, -onis, m., [scipio, staff\
Scipio, the name of a very dis-
tinguished family of the Corne-
lian gens. In this book are
mentioned :

(i) P. Cornelius Scipio Africa-
nus ; see p. 34.

(2) Z. Cornelius Scipio Asiati-
cus ; see p. 42.

(3) P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Serapio ; see N&slca.

sclscitor, -ari, -atas sum, [sci-

sc6], I, dep., a., inform oneself;

ask, inquire, examine.
scisBUS, -a, -am, [part, of sciadd],

adj., rent^ torn.
scxiba, -ae, [cf. scribo], m.,

scribe, clerk, secretary.
scxibd, -ere, scripsi, scriptam,

3, a., engrave, write.
scrihium, -i, n., case, desk, box.
scrTptor, -oris, [scribo], m., one

who writes, scribe.^ copyist, clerk;

author, narrator.
Scoltenna, -ae, f., the Scultenna,

a river in Cisalpine Gaul.

SCUTUM

104

SENEX

■otLtuin, -i, n., shield; defence^
protection.

80, ace. and abl. of sni.

80 or 80d, [abl. of sui], prep,
used mostly in composition, apart^
away from.

86c6dd, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum,
[ae + cedo], 3, n., go apart,
separate, retire; rebel, revolt,
secede.

sScemS, -ere, -crevi, -cretom,
[se+cerno], 3, a., put apart,
sunder, divide ; disjoin, part.

8ec5, -are, secai, sectum, i, a.,
cut, cut off, reap ; cut in two;
divide, separate.

sScrStd, [secretas], adv., apart,
in secret^ privately.

B^crStoB, -a, -am, [part, of se-
cernd], adj., severed, separated,
apart; hidden, concealed; secret,
private.

sector, -ari, -atus sum, [freq. of
sequor], i, dep., a., follo^v
eagerly, run after ^ pursue ; seek
the society of; search for.

secunduB, -a, -urn, [sequor],
did]., folloiving, next, second; sec-
ondary, inferior ; favorable, for-
tunate.

securis, -is, f , axe, hatchet.

aecuB, adv., otherwise, differently.

Bed, conj., but, on the contrary;
but also, but even.

sedeo, -ere, setH, sessum, 2, n.,
sit, remain sitting; preside, hold
court, be encamped ; be estab-
lished.

sSdSa, -is, f., seat, bench, chair,
throne ; residence, abode.

80dlti5, -dnia, [sed -f- eo], f.,
going aside, dissension, civil
discord, rebellion; strife, quar-
rel.

sedulitiUi, -atifl, [Beduloa], f.,
assiduity, earnestness, persist"
ency.

sGduld, [aedulas], adv., busily,
industriously, eagerly, sedulously;
purposely,

aSgnlB, -e^ adj., slow, tardy, tin-
gering; sluggish, lazy.

aSgniter, [segnis], adv., slug-
gishly, lazily, spiritlessly.

sella, -ae, [sedeo], f., seat, chair.

semel, num. adv., once, once for
all.

sSmet, see aul.

semper, adv., always, continually,
forever.

SemprSniuB, -i, m., Sempronius,
gentile name of TV. Sempronius
Longus, defeated by Hannibal
at the river Trebia in 218 B.C.

sen&tor, -5ris, m., member of the
senate, senator. See n. to p. 4,

1.13.

aenStdriuB, -a, -am, [senator],
adj., of a senator, senatorial.

sen&tUB, -lis, [senex], m., coun-
cil of elders, senate,

Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca, family
name of L. Annaeus Seneca, a
celebrated Stoic philosopher and
writer, tutor of the emperor
Nero.

aenectClB, -iitis, [senex], f., old
age.

senez, -is, adj., old, aged. As
subst., m., old man.

SENIOR

lOS

SEXTILIS

aenior, -Sris, adj., comp. of se-

nex. As subst., m., pi., elders,
Beniom, -i, [senex], n., old age^

senility,
Bontentia, -ae, [cf. sentio], f.,

way of thinkings opinion^ judg-
ment; thot^U^ purpose,
Bontid, -ire, senn, sensom, 4, a.,

discern by sense, feel; hear^ see,

perceive,
sSparfttiin, adv., asunder, apart,

separately,
Bopelid, -ire, -ivi, -pultam, 4, a.,

bury, inter ; ruin, overwhelm,

destroy»
septem, num. adj., indecl., seven,
BeptSni, -ae, -a, [septem], num.

adj., seven each,
Septimul6iuB, -i, m., L, Septimu-

Hius, who sold the head of C.

Gracchus to the consul Oplmius.
BeptimoB, -a, -am, [septem],

adj., seventh,
Bepta&g6Bimti8, -a, >am, adj.,

seventieth,
Bepnltfira, -ae, [sepelid], f.,

burial, funeral, obsequies.
Beqaor, -i, Becatus sum, 3, dep.,

a., follow, attend; come after,

come next; pursue.
SergiuB, -a, the name of a Ro-
man gens. In this book are

mentioned :

(i) M. Sergius Catilina, the
great-grandfather of the con-
spirator (2). See p. 79.

(2) Z. Sergius Catilina, See
CatUIna.
•6ri5, [serias], adv., in earnest,

seriously.

■SxitiB, -a, -am, [for severioB,
from sevems], tA],, grave, earn-
est, serious. As subst., seria,
-orom, n., pi., serious matters,
serious discourse,

8enn5, -onis, m., speech, talk, con-
versation ; discussion,

86ro, adv., comp. Berins, late, at
a late hour, too late,

SertSxitiB, -i, m., gentile name
of Q. Ser tortus. See p. 21.

servHiB, -e, [Bervns], adj., of a
slave, slavish, servile,

servitaB, -utis, [servus], f.,
slavery, servitude,

8erviti8,-i,5>rz/tMf. SeeTnllitui.

Borvd, -are, -avi, -atum, i, a.,
make safe, save, preserve, guard

aervuB, -i, m., slave^ servant,

b6b6, ace. and abl. of sui.

B^BtertiuB, -a, -urn, [= semis,
tertias], adj., two and a half.
As subst., sesiertias, -i, m.,
(sc. nammuB), a sesterce, a
small silver coin, originally 7\
asses^ = 4yV cents.

Bou, see Blve.

sevSrS, comp. severins, sup. se-
verissime, [severns], adv.,
gravely, seriously, severely.

Bev6ruB, -a, -am, adj., serious,
sober, grave, stern ; gloomy,

BOX, num. adj., indecl., six,

aeacftgintft, num. adj., 'indecl,
sixty,

SeztillB, -e, [sextus], adj., of
the sixth month, counting from
March. The month was after-
wards called Augustus, in honor
of the emperor.

SEXTILIUS

io6

SITUS

SextlliaB, -i, m., Sextilius, gov-
ernor of the province of Africa
in B.C. 88; he expelled Marius
from Africa.

aeztuB, -a, -am, [sex], adj., sixth,

Etoxtns, -i, m., Sextus^ a Roman
forename.

81, conj., if^ since J when, whether;
would that,

itf biluB, -i, m., hissing, whistling.

flic, adv., thus, in this way, so.

Biocd, -are, -avi, -atum, [siccns],
I, a., make dry, dry; exhaust.

siccus, -a, -am, adj., dry. As
subst, siccam, -i, n., dry land,
a dry place.

Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily,

SiculuB, -a, -am, adj., Sicilian.
As subst., SicalT, -dram, m., pi.,
the Sicilians.

ftfgniflco, -are, -avi, -atam,
[signam, of. faci5], i, a., make
signs, show, point out, indicate ;
portend, mean, sigfiify.

flign5, -are, -avi, -atam, [sig-
nam], I, a., set a mark on,
mark, designate; adorn; point
out, indicate.

flignum, -i, n., mark, sign ; mili-
tary standard, ensigns.

flilSnB, -entis, [part, of sileo],
adj., stilly calm, quiet, silent.

Bilentium, -i, [silens], n., a being
still, stillness, silence ; repose, in-
action.

flileo, -ere, -ai, — , 2, n., be noise-
less, be silent.^ keep quiet.

flilva, -ae, f., wood, forest, wood-
land.

Silvia, -ae, f., Silvia. See RhSa.

■ImiliB, -e, adj., like, similar,

Bixniliter, [similis], adv., in like
manner, similarly,

8imilitad6, -inis, [similis], f.,
likeness, resemblance, similitude.

fiimplez, -icis, adj., simple, single,
plain, unmixed; frank, straight-
forward, guileless, sincere.

fiimul, adv., at the same time.
simal atqae (ac), as soon as.

simulG, -are, -avi, -atam, [simi-
lis], I, a., make like, imitate^
copy ; pretend, feign, simulate.

simtdtas, -atis, [simal], f., hos-
tile encounter, rivalry, haired,

sin, [si -♦- ne], conj., but if.

Bine, prep, with abL only, with-
out,

aingaiaris, -e, [singali], adj., one
by one, one at a time, single, soli-
tary ; remarkable, unparalleled,

Bingoll, -ae, -a, adj., one at a
time, single, individual, sepa-
rate,

Biniflter, -tra, -tram, adj., left, on
the left; in the language of the
Roman augurs, favorable, auspi-
cious ; of the Greek augurs, per-
verse, unlucky.

BinuB, -as, m., bent surface, curve,
hollotOyfold ; foldoi toga, bosom ;
shore of a bay.

fliflto, -ere, stiti, statam, 3, a.,
cause to stand, set, fix.

flituB, -a, -am, [part, of sino],
adj., placed, set, lying, situated;
laid out.

flituB, -as, m., situation, position,
location^ site; idleness, sloth;
rust, mold.

SIVE

107

SPECULUM

aive or eeu, conj., or if, whether.
sive . . . sive, or sea . . . seu,
whether , . . or, if, , . or if.

BobriuB, >a, -am, [se + ebrias,
drunk'], adj., sober; moderate,
temperate ; sensible, pleasant.

BOcer, -eri, xa., father-in-law.

BOCiSlis, -e, [socias], adj., of com-
panionship, of allies^ allied, con'
federate,

BOCiet&B, -atis, [socias], f., fel-
lowship, association, society; al-
liance, confederacy.

soci5, -are, -avi, -atam, [socias],
I, 2i.,join together, unite, associ-
ate; hold in common, share.

BOCiuB, -i, m., fellow, partner,
companion, ally.

b51, s51is, m., the sun.

soleo, -ere, solitas sam, 2, semi-
dep., n., use, be wont, be accus-
tomed.

solitariuB, -a, -am, [solas], adj.,
alone, isolated, lonely, solitary.

B51itiid5, -inis, [solas], f., lone-
liness, solitariness ; solitude, des-
ert, wilderness.

solitum, -i, [soleo], n., the cus-
tomary, what is usual.

BolitaB, -a, -am, [part, of soleo],
adj., wonted, accustomed, usual,
habitual.

BOlium, -i, n., seat, throne; rule.

BoUicitS, -are, -avi, -atam,
[soUicitas], i, a., disturb, stir,
move, shake; disturb; rouse, ex-
cite.

Bdlum, adv., alone, only, merely.
non solam . . . sed etiam, not
only . . . but also.

851uB, -a, -am, adj., alone, only,
single, sole ; solitary, forsaken,

Bolvd, -ere, solvi, solatam, [se -|-
1^0], 3, a., loosen, unbind; untie,
let down; release; set sail; di-
vide; pay.

Bomnium, i, [somnas], n.,
dream ; fancy.

BomnuB, -1, m., sleep; inactivity,
idleness.

Bdpio, -ire, -ivi, -itam, 4, a., de-
prive of sense, put to sleep ; pass.,
sleep,

Boror, -oris, f., sister.

BordriuB, -a, -am, [soror], adj.,
of a sister, sister^ s.

BOFB, sortis, f., lot, fate, destiny,
decision by lot,

Bortior, -iri, -itas sam, [sors],
4, dep., n. and a., cast lots; as-
sign by lot, obtain by lot,

Bpatium, -i, n., space, room, ex-
tent, distance ; space of time.

Bpe<5i6B, gen. wanting, ace. -em,
abl. -e, f., sight, look, appear-
ance ; semblance, pretence, seem-
ing,

BpectSculum, -i, [spect5], n.,
place in the theatre ; show, sight,
spectacle ; public show.

Bpecto, -are, -avi, -atam, [freq.
of specio], I, a., look at, behold,
watch, observe, see ; judge.

Bpeculator, -oris, [specalor],
m., lookout, spy, scout,

speculor, -ari, -atas sam, \js^^'
(tX3\^, watch tower], i, dep., a.,
spy out, watch, observe, examine.

Bpeculmn, -i, n., reflector, looking-
glass, mirror.

SPERNO

io8

STRIDOR

spemd, -ere, Bprevi, spretnm»
3, a., despise^ contemn^ reject^
scorn,

8p6r5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [spes],
I, a., hope^ look for f expect,

spSs, -ei, f., hope^ anHdpationt
expectation,

spIiitUB, -VAy [cf. spiro], m.,
breathings breath ; spirit^ haugh-
tiness, pride,

splendor, -oriB, m., bri^ness,
splendor; magnificence^ excel-
lence,

spolid, -are, -avi, -atom, [spo-
lium], I, a., strip s bare; rob,
pillage, plunder,

Bpolium, -i, n., skin, hide ; arms
stripped from an enemy, booty,
spoil.

sponded, -ere, spopondi, spon-
gam, 2, a., promise sacredly,
give assurance, vow; agree,
promise,

spdnsuB, -i, [spondeo], m^ be-
trothed man, bridegroom,

spdna, spontis, [cf. spondeo],
f., only abl. sing., usually with
poss. pron.; sponte, of one's
own accord, voluntarily, sponta-
neously.

aprStuB, see spemd.

Spurinna, -ae, m., Vestritius
Spurinna, the name of an augur
who warned Julius Caesar to
beware the Ides of March.

Bqu&ma, -ae, f., scale of fish or
snake.

Btatiin, [cf. Bto], adv., steadily,
forthwith, straightway, immedi-
ately, instantly.

■tataa, -ae, [cf. Biflto], f., image,
statue,

8tata5, -ere, -ui, -atam, 3, a.,
cause to stand, set up; deter-
mine, resolve; determine on,
appoint,

Btatflra, -ae, [cf. std], f., hei^,
size, stature,

Btatcui, -OB, [sto], m., station, po-
sition, place; posture, attitude;
condition, rank,

stercuB, -oris, n., dung, ordure,
manure,

Sthenitis, -i, m., Sthenius, name
of a Sicilian chief pardoned by
Pompey.

BtimtiliiB, -i, m., prick, goad, sharp
point; spur, stimulus; torment,
pain.

sUpendiiim, -i, n., paying of tax,
impost, tribute; income, salary^
pay. siipendiaBi facere, to
serve in the army.

BtirpB, -is, f., stock, trunk; off-
spring, progeny, son; origin,
beginning,

Bto, stare, steti, statnm, i, n.,
stand, be upright, be erect; stand
firm, abide, remain,

Btrftg^B, -is, f., overthrow, destruc-
tion, ruin, defeat, massacre;
wreck,

Btrftgoluin, -1, Xi,,a spread, caver-
it^, bed-spread.

BtrGnuuB, -a, -urn, adj., brisk,
nimble, quick, active, vigorous,

BtrepituB, -\L%, m., confused noise,
din, clash, crash, applause,

Btxidor, -5ris, m., harsh noise,
hiss, rattle.

STRINGO

109

SUBSISTO

8tring;5, -ere, gtrinai, Btrictmn,
3, a., draw tight; graze; strip
off; of a sword, draw.

8tade5, -ere, -ui, — , 2, n., give
attention ; desire ; favor,

BtudiSsS, [studidBus], adv.,
eagerly, zealously.

stadidstui, -a, -urn, [gtadiom],
adj., eager, zealous^ anxious, stu-
dious; attached, devoted.

atudium, -i, [studeo], n., appli-
cation, zeal, desire, eagerness,
endeavor; study, pursuit ; good-
will, affection^ kindness,

8tap6iui, -entis, [part, of sta-
peo], adj., senseless, amazed,
dazed, confused.

staped, -ere, -m, — , 2, n., be
struck senseless, be astounded, be
amazed.

suftded, -ere, Buasi, aaasom, 2,
n. and a., advise, exhort, urge,
persuade.

sab, prep, with ace. and abl.,
under :

(i) With ace, after verbs of
motion, under, below, towards,
up to; until; after.
(2) With abl., under, beneath,
at the foot of; during; sub-
ject to.
In composition, under, beneath ;
someivhat, a little ; secretly.

Bubdd, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [sub
-f do], 3, a., put under, set to,
apply ; yield, supply ; substitute.

sabdtlcd, -ere, -diixi, -ductum,
[sub 4- duco], 3, a., draw aivay,
lead away, carry off, draw off,
transfer; steal, hide; haul up.

8ube5, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itam,
[sub-f-eo], irr., n., g^ under;
come up, ascend, approach ; en-
counter ; submit to, yield to.

subicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectam,
[sub + iaci5], 3, a., throw un-
der, set up, place under; pre-
sent; make subject, submit.

Bubigo, -igere, -egi, -actiun, [sab
+ »go], 3, a., drive up, bring
up; cultivate, work; conquer,
subdue, subjugate ; force, compel.

subito, [sabita8],adv.,j«^^^»/^,
on a sudden, at once.

Bubitus, -a, -urn, adj., sudden,
unexpected, surprising.

BubliciuB, -a, -am, adj., resting
on piles, pons sabUcias, the
pile bridge; see n. to p. 10, 1. 11.

BubllmlB, -e, adj., uplifted, lofty,
exalted; through the sky ; on high.

BubmittS, -ere, -misi, -missam,
3, a., let down, lower ; furnish ;
reduce, moderate; let grow.

8ubmove5, -ere, -mori, -motom,
[sab -f mbveo], 2, a., put out of
the way, drive off, remove.

BubolSa, -is, f., sprout, stock; off-
spring, issue ; race.

Bubxide5, -ridere, -risi, — , [sab
-♦- rided], 2, n., smile.

Bubsellium, -i, [sab + sella], n.,
low bench, seat.

subaequor, -i, -secatas sum,
3, A^^., follow after.

Bubaidiuin, -i, n., troops in re-
serve ; aid, help, assistance.

BubsiBtS, -ere, -stiti, — , [sab-f
sistd], 3, n., take a stand, stand
still; remain, stand firm, oppose.

SUBSTITUO

IIO

SUPELLEX

■nbstitad, -ere, -oi, 'Uiom, [mib
+ siatao], 3, 2^^ present^ submit;
substitute.

8abtez5, -ere, -ni, — , [8ub +
texo], 3, a., weave utuler^ sew
on, compose; work in, add.

8acc6dd, -ere, -cesa, -cessiiiii,
[sub + cedo], 3, a., go below,
come under, enter ; follow, suc-
ceed; approach, draw near, ad-
vance ; be successful.

successor, -oris, [succedo], m.,
follower, successor.

successus, -us, [cf. sacoedo],
m., advance ; good result, stucess.

succUbnd, -are, -avi, -atum, i,
n., shout in answer, reply clam-
orously.

saffectus, -a, -am, [part, of snf-
ficio], adj., substituted, consnl
BofFectaa, vice-consul, chosen to
fill a vacancy caused by the
death of one of the consuls.

sufficid, -ere, -feca, -fectum,
[sub + facio], 3, a. and Ti.,put
under, dip, dye; choose as sub-
stitute; be sufficient, avail, suf-
fice.

Buffigo, -figere, — , -fizam, [sub
+ fig6], 3, a., fasten beneath,
attach^ affix, cmci suffigere,
to crucify.

siilf5c5, -are, -avi, — , [sub,
faux], I, a., throttle^ suffocate,
choke.

sulfodiS, -ere, -fodi, -fossmn,
[sub 4- fodio], 3, a., dig under y
undermine ; stab underneath.

BuffrSlg&tor, -oris, [sufiragor],
va., favorer, supporter.

soffrilgtiim, -i, [snffiragor], n.,
voting-tablet, ballot, vote ; decis-
ion, judgment, opinion ; pL, the
polls.

Sulla, -ae, m., SuUa, name of a
patrician family of the Cornelian
gens, to which belonged Z. Cor-
nelius SuUa. See p. 54.

SullfintiB, -a, -am, adj., of Sulla,
by Sulla.

Snlpicins, -1, m., Sulpicius, gen-
tile name of Ser. Sulpicius Ru-
fus, tribune of the people in B.C-
88, and one of the greatest ora-
tors of his time. He was a par-
tisan of Marius, and was put to
death by Sulla.

sol (gen.), dat. aibi, ace. and
abl. se, strengthened form, se-
met, reflex, .pron., sing, and pi.,
himself herself, itself, themselves.

som, esse, foi, fut. part, fataraa,
irr., n., be, exist, live; be true,
be the case, be so ; hqppen, take
place.

summa, -ae, [summus, sc. res],
f., top, summit; chief place, su-
premacy ; chief pointy sum.

Bumd, -ere, sumpsi, somptum,
[sub -f- em5], 3, a., take, take in
hand; assume; claim; take up,
enter upon, begin,

sumptuarins, -a, -am, [somp-
tus], adj., of expense, relating to
expense, sumptuary.

s^mptUB, -us, [sum5], m., out-
lay, expense, cost, charge.

Bupellez, -lectilis, f., domestic
utensils, household stuff, furni-
ture.

SUPER

III

SUSTULI

■aper, prep, with ace. and abl. :
(i) With ace, overy above y upoUy

upwards.
(2) With abl., overy uporiy be-
yondy in addition to,

superadBto, -stare, -stiii, — , i,
n., stand upon.
^ 8uperb6, [superbus], adv.,
haughtily y proudly ^ supercili-
ously.

superbuB, -a, -um, adj., haughty y
proudy vainy arrogant; proud;
splendid.

superincidS, -ere, — , — , 3, n.,
only in pres. part., fall from
above^ fall down upon.

superior, -ius, comp. of superus.

Buper5, -are, -avi, -atom, [su-
perus], I, ^., go every rise above y
overtop ; pass over ; exceed; be
left over ; overcome y subducy sur-
pass, excel.

Bupersum, -esse, -fui, irr., n., be
over and above, be lefty remain ;
outlive, survive,

Bupenu, -a, -um, comp. supe-
rior, [super], adj., above, upper,
higher. As subst., superi, -drum,
m., pi., the gods abovcy gods of
heaven. Sup., supremus, -a,
-um, highest, topmost; last;
Bummus, -a, -xumy highesty great-
est; often highest part of top of,

Buperveuio, -ire, -veni, -veutum,
[super -H venio], 4, n., come in
addition ; come upy arrive; come
upon, light upon,

Bupervlvo, -vivere, -vixi, — ,
[super + vivo], 3, n., outlive,
survive.

Bupplez, -icis, [sub -|- plico],
adj., kneeling in entreaty, beg-
gingy suppliant. As subst., m.,
a suppliant,

Buppliciter, [supplex],adv., j»/-
pliantfyy humbly,

Bupplicium, -i, [supplex], n.,
kneelingy bowing down; entreaty,
petitiony supplication; punish-
ment of deathy because the crim-
inal knelt, execution; punish-
ment,

supplied, -are, -avi, -atum,
[supples], I, a., kneel downy be-
seechy implore, supplicate; pray,
worship,

Burg5, surgere, surrexi or sub-
rexi, — , [sub -t- rego], 3, n.,
rise, get up, stand up; arise,
grow,

BUBcipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
3, a., takcy catch; receive, ad-
mit; take upon oneself, succeed
to; acknowledge, recognize,

BuapectUB, -a, -um, [part, of
suspicid], adj., subject to suspi-
cion, mistrustedy suspected,

BUBpicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[sub -H specio], 3, a., look up-
war dsy look up at; admire, re-
gard, esteem y honor,

Buspicid, -onis, [cf. verb sus-
picio], f., mistrusty distrust, sus-
picion,

BU8tine5, -ere, -ui, -tentum, [sub
+ teneo], 2, a., hold upy keep
upy support; lifly carry; hold in
cheeky cheeky restrain; support y
maintain ; beary endure.

BUBtuII, see tollo.

SUTOR

112

TARPEIA

sfltor, -oris, m., shoemaker^ cob-
bUr.

sauB, -a, -tun, [sui], adj., of one-
self his owttf her own ; his, hers,
itSf their. As subst, ani, -drum,
m., pL, his followers f his frieneb ;
their follffiversy their friends,

Syphftz, -acis, m., Syphax, a
prince of Numidia, who at first
sided with the Romans in the
second Punic war, but subse-
quently allied himself with the
Carthaginians.

Syria, -ae, f., Syria, a large coun-
try on the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean, southeast of Asia
Minor and north of Judaea.

T.

T., with proper names = Titus, a
Roman forename.

tabella, -ae, [dim. of tabula],
f., small board, little picture;
ballot; letter, epistle.

tabem&culum, -i, [tabema],
n., tent.

tabula, -ae, f., board, plank;
writing-tablet; record, list.

taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, n., be
silent, say nothing; pass over in
silence^ leave unsaid.

tacitUB, -a, -um, [part, of taceo],
Vidi]., passed in silence, not spoken
of; silent, secret; still, quiet,
noiseless.

taedium, -i, [taedet], n., weari-
ness, loathingy disgust.

talentom, -1, n., half of a hun-
dredweight, talent; a sum of

»w»<y (about ^^1132 in gold),
talent.

tAlis, -e, adj., suchy of such a kind.
talis , . . qualis, of such a kind
. . . as.

ttatn, adv., in such a degree, as much.

tamdid, adv., so long.

tamen, adv., notwithstanding, nev- ^
ertheless, yet, however, still.

tamquam, [tarn -h quam], conj.,
asif

Tanaquil, -His, f., Tanaquil.

tandem, adv., at length, at last,
finally; in questions, /ray.

tantopere, adv., so greatly.

tantuin, [tantus], adv., so much,
so greatly ; only, merely.

tantummodo, [tautum + mode],
adv., only, merely.

tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size,
so great, such. As subst., tan-
tnm, -i, n., so much ; in gen. of
price, tanti, of so much value,
worth so much.

tard5, -are, -avi, -atum, [tar-
dus], I, a., make slow, delay,
hinder, impede.

TarentinuB, -a, -um, adj., of Ta-
rentum, Tarentine. As subst.,
Tarenti[ni, -orum, m., pi., in-
habitants of Tarentum, Taren-
tines.

Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, a
celebrated and powerful city of
southern Italy, situated in Cala-
bria, on the Gulf of Tarentum.

Tarpeia, -ae, f., Tarpeia, name
of a Roman maiden who opened
the Roman citadeltNlhc Sa-
bines.

TARQUINIUS

113

TERENTIUS

Tarquinioa, -i, m., Tarquinius,
Tarquin, the name of a family
in the early history of Rome.
In this book are mentioned :
(i) Tarquinius PriscuSf the
fifth king of Rome.

(2) Tarquinius Superhus, the
seventh king of Rome.

(3) Sextus Tarquinius, son of
Tarquinius Superbus.

(4) Z. Tarquinius Collatinus,
cousin of (3) and husband of
Lucretia.

Tarquinil, -onun, m., pi., Tar-
quinii, a town in southern Etru-
ria, about forty-five miles north-
west of Rome.

TatitiB, -i, m., Tatius, gentile
name of Titus Tatius, leader of
the Sabines in the time of Rom-
ulus.

tSctuin, -i, [tego], n., covered
structure, shelter, house, abocU;
covering, roof.

teg5, -ere, tezi, tectum, 3, a.,
cffver, cover over; hide, conceal;
keep secret; defend, guard,

tSgula, -ae, [tego], f., roof-tile,
tiU,

tSltun, -1, n., missile weapon, mis-
sile; dart, spear, javelin»

tdmerftxiuB, -a, -am, [temere],
adj., rash, heedless, imprudent,
inconsiderate.

temerS, adv., by chance, without
design ; rashly, heedlessly, thought-
lessly.

temeritfts, -atis, [temere], f.,
hap, chance; accident, rashness,
heedlessness.

temperans, -antis, [part, of tem-
pero], adj., observing modera-
tion, sober, moderate.

tempers, -are, -avi,-atiim, [tern-
pus], I, n. and a., observe proper
measure, be moderate, restrain
oneself; forbear, abstain; rule,
regulate^ sway.

tempestaa, -atia, [tempua], f.,
portion of time, point of time,
time, season; storm, tempest;
disturbance, calamity.

templum, -i, n., open place for
observation, consecrated place,
sacred enclosure ; temple, shrine,

tempos, -oris, n., time, season,
interval; occasion ; condition,
circumstances.

tend5, -ere, tetendi, tentum or
tensam, 3, a. and n., stretch,
spread out; lay a snare; offer,
present; go, march; strive; ex-
tend, reach.

tenebrae, -axom, f., pi., dark-
ness, gloom; gloomy place ; lurk-
ing-places.

tenebric58iiB, -a, -am, [tene-
brae], adj., full of darkness,
utterly obscure, dark, gloomy.

tene5, -ere, -ai, — , 2, a., hold,
grasp; take in, understand;
keep ; possess ; guard, defend.

tent5 or tempt5, -are, -avi,
-atom, [intens. of tendd], i, a.,
handle, touch, try, essay; try to
win over.

tent5riiim, -i, n., tent,

ter, num. adv., three times.

TerentiuB, -i, m., Terentius, gen-
tile name of C. Terentius Varro,

TERGIVERSOR

114

TOLLO

tergiversor, -ari, — , [tergom,
verto], I, dep., n., turn the back,
decline^ refuse; make difficul-
tieSy shuffle, evade,

tergum, -i, n., back, rear.

temi, -ae, -a, [cf. tres], adj.,
three each, three on each side,
three.

ter5, -ere, trivi, tritam, 3, a.,
rub, wear away ; wear out, use
up ; waste, kill.

terra, -ae, f., the earth, ground;
land, country, region.

terred, -ere, -ui, -ituin, 2, a.,
frighten, alarm, terrify ; deter
by fear.

terribills, -e, [terreo], zj^y, fright-
ful, dreadful, terrible.

terror, -oris, [terred], m., grecU
fear, affright, panic, fear.

tertius, -a, -am, [cf. tres], adj.,
third.

testimoniuin, -i, [testis, a wit-
»«j], n., evidence, testimony;
proof

testor, -ari, -atus sum, [testis],
I, dep., a., cause to testify, call
as witness, invoke ; show, prove,
demonstrate.

TeutobochuB, -i, m., Teutobo-
chus, chief of the Teutones.

TeutonSs, -am, or Teuton!,
-dram, m., pi., the Teutones, a
Germanic people who, in com-
pany with the Cimbri, invaded
Italy, and were annihilated by
Marius at Aquae Sextiae in loi

B.C.

thSsauniB, -1, m., something laid
up, treasure, hoard.

Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a
district in northeastern Greece.

Tiberia, -is, m., the liber, the
chief river of Latium, on which
Rome is situated.

Tiberius, -i, m., Tiberius, a Ro-
man forename.

TIcinuB, -i, m., the Ticinus, a
river in Cisalpine Gaul, flowing
into the Po, the scene of the
first victory of Hannibal in Italy.

tigHlnm, -i, [dim. of tignam,
beam'], n., a small bar of wood,
little beam,

TigrSnSB, -is, m., Tigranes, a king
of Armenia, son-in-law of Mith-
ridates.

timeo, -ere, -oi, — , 2, n. and a.,
fear, be afraid; be afraid of,
dread,

timiduB, -a, -am, [timeo], adj.,
fearful, afraid, cowardly, timid.

tirSoiiiium, -i, [tird], n., sol-
dier's first service ; inexperience.

tituluB, -i, m., superscription, in-
scription, title; title of honor,
glory, name.

Titus, -i, m., Titus, a Roman
forename.

toga, -ae, f., toga, gown.

tog^tuB, -a, -am, [toga], adj.,
wearing the toga, clad in the
toga ; in the garb of peace, un-
armed.

tolero, -are, -avi, -atam, i, a.,
bear, endure, tolerate, sustain,
suffer; support.

toUd, -ere, sastali, sablatum, 3,
z..,lift, take up, raise; encourage;
rear ; extol; remove, abolish.

TONITRUS

IIS

TRANSVERSUS

tonltruB, -as, m., pi., ionitrus,

m., and tonitrua, n., thundery

thunder-peal.
tonsor, -5ris, [tondeo, clip\f m.,

shearer t clipper ^ hair-cutter , bar-
ber,
ToraniuB, -i, m., 7". Toranitis,

who betrayed his father to the

second triumvirate in 43 B.C.
torqued, -ere, torsi, tortam, 2,

a., turn^ twist; hurl; torture^

torment,
torvS, [torvus], adv., sternly,
tonnis, -a, -urn, adj., staring;

wildf stern, fierce.
tot, adj., indecl., so many, such a

number of. As subst, m., so

many men,
totidem, [tot + -dem], adv.,yiu/

so many, the same number of.
totiSiis, [tot], adv., so often, so

many times,
totuB, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj.,

all, all the, the whole, entire;

wholly.
tr&do, -dere, -didi, -dituin,

[trans + do], 3, a., give up,

hand over, surrender, betray;

hand down, transmit, report.
trftdilco, -ere, -daxi, -ductnin,

[trans -f duc5], 3, a., lead

across, carry over, transport;

expose, dishonor,
traho, -ere, traxi, tr actum, 3,

a., draw, drag; lead, carry;

derive; detain.
trSicid, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,

[trans -f iacio], 3, a., throw

across, transfer ; penetrate,

transfix ; go over, pass over.

trSno, -are, -avi, -atum, [trans
-f no], I, a., swim across.

tranacendo, -ere, -di, — , [trans
-f scando], 3, a., climb over,
pass over, cross, surmount; vio-
late.

trS.nBeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itnm,
[trans -t- eo], irr., a., cross over,
pass by, pass ; be changed, turn.

trSnafero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[trans -f fero], irr., a., bear
across., transport; transfer ; as-
cribe, charge; copy ; put off, de-
lay, translate,

trSnafigo, -Hgere, -Hxi, -fixum,
[trans + figo], 3, a., pierce
through, transfix, stab to the
heart.

transgredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, [trans -f gradior], 3,
dep., a., step across, step over,
cross.

trSiuBigd, -igere, -egi, -actum,
[trans 4- ago], 3, a., drive
through, stab, transfix ; finish,
settle ; perform.

tr&nsilid, -ire, -silui, — , [trans
4- salio], 4, a., leap across, jump
-over.

trSiiBmaxinus, -a, -um, [trans
4" marinus], adj., beyond sea,
transmarine.

trSnamitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[trans + mitto], 3, a., send
across, carry over, let pass ; go
across, traverse; entrust, com-
mit.

transversus, -a, -um, [trans -f
versus], adj., turned across, lying
across, crosswise ; out of the way.

TRASUMENUS

Il6

TRIUMPHUS

TrasumSniiB, -i, m., Trasume-
nus, a lake in Etruria, the scene
of the defeat of Flaminius by
Hannibal.

Trebia, -ae, f., ^e Trebia^ a river
in Cisalpine Gaul, flowing into
the Po.

trecenti, -ae, -a, [tres + cen-
tam], num. adj., three hundred»

tredecim, [tres + decern], num.
adj., indecL, thirteen,

trem5, -ere, -ui, — ,3, a. and n.,
shake, quake, tremble; tremble
at.

trepidftti5, -dnis, [trepido], f.,
confused hurry^ alarm, confu-
sion, consternation, trepidation.

trepid5, -are, -avi, -atum, i, n.,
hurry with alarm, be in confu-
sion; tremble, waver.

trSa, tria, num. adj., three.

tribtlnal, -alls, [tribunus], n.,
raised platform for seats of mag-
istrates, judgment- seat, tribunal.

tribfLnSLtUB, -us, [tribanas], m.,
office of tribune, tribuneship.

tribtLnicins, -a, -nm, [triba-
nas], adj., of a tribune, tribu-
nitial,

tribtlnaa, -i, [tribas], m., head
of a tribe, tribune, tribanas
militaris, tribune of the soldiers,
six to a legion, tribanas ple-
bis, tribune of the people. Trib-
unes were flrst appointed in 494
B.C., after the first secession to
the Sacred Mount. At first there
were but two; afterwards the
number was increased to five,
and finally to ten. They were

originally appointed to afford
protection to the common peo-
ple ; and that they might be able
to afford such protection, their
persons were declared sacred
and inviolable. They gradually
acquired the right of vetoing any*
act which a magistrate might
undertake during his term of
office. They convoked the as-
sembly of the tribes (comitia
tributary and usually presided
over it.

tribud, -ere, -ai, -atam, [tribas],
3, a., assign; grant, bestow;
yield,

tribas, -as, [cf. tres], f., third
part of the people ; tribe.

txlbdtam, -i, [tribas], n., stated
payment, contribution, tribute.

txiennium, -i, [tres -h annas; sc.
spatium], n., period of three
years, three years,

trigemiimB, -a, -am, [tres -f
geminas], adj., born three at a
birth. As subst., trigemini,
-Oram, m., pi., triplets,

trfgintfl, num. adj., indecL, thirty,

txiumphaiis, -e, [triamphas],
adj., of a triumph, triumphal,

trlumpho, -are, -avi, -atam,
[triamphas], i, n., march in
triumphal procession, celebrate a
triumph, triumph, triamphare
de aliqad, to celebrate a triumph
in consequence of a victory over
any one.

trlumphus, -i, m., triumphal pro-
cession, celebration of a victory
by a triumphal >entry into Rome.

TRIUMVIR

117

UBIQUE

triumvir, -viri, [tres + vir], m.,
triumvir, one of three associ-
ates in office, especially one of
three dictators to reorganize the
state.

tropaeum, -i, n., memorial of
victory, trophy.

trucld5, -are, -avi, -atnm, [trux
4- caedo], i, a., cut to pieces,
slaughter, butcher; destroy, ruin.

txuncus, -i, m., stem, trunk of a
tree; trunk, body.

trux, trucis, adj., wild, rough,
harsh, savage, fierce.

tueor, -eri, tutus sum, 2, dep.,
a., look at, gaze at, consider ; de-
fend, protect.

Tullus, -i, m., Tullus, forename
of Tullus Hoshlius, third king
of Rome.

Tullius, -i, m., Tullius, a Roman
gentile name. In this book are
mentioned :
(i) Servius Tullius, the sixth

king of Rome. See p. 12.
(2) M. Tullius Cicero. See
Cicer5.

turn, adv., then, at that time, in
those times ; in that case,

tomultuor, -ari, -atus smn, [tu-
maltus], I, dep., n., make a
disturbance, be in confusion.

tamuItuB, -us, [cf. iMmeo, swell],
m., uproar, confusion, tumult,
panic.

tumulus, -1, [tamed, swell], m.,
heap of earth, tg^und, hillock,
hill,

tunc, adv., then, at that time ; ac-
cordingly, consequently.

turba, -ae, f., tumult, uproar,
disturbance, commotion ; crowd,
throng.

turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [turba],
I, n. and a., make an uproar,
be in confusion : throw into con •
fusion, disturb, agitate.

turbuIentuB, -a, -um, comp. tur-
bulentior, sup. turbulentissi-
mus, [turba], adj., full of
commotion, disturbed; stormy,
confused, troubled.

turduB, -i, m., thrush, fieldfare.

turma, -ae, f., troop, crowd,
throng, body, company, of cav-
alry, squadron.

turpis, -e, adj., ugly, unsightly,
foul, filthy ; disgraceful, scan-
dalous.

turriB, -is, f., tower, castle, palace,

tutSla, -ae, [tueor], f., watching,
keeping, defending, protection;
guardianship.

tuto, [tutus], adv., safely, with-
out danger.

tutor, -oris, [tueor] , m., watcher,
protector ; guardian, tutor,

tutuB, -a, -um, [part, of tueor],
zjdiy, guarded, safe, secure.

U.

fiber, -eris, n., teat, dug, udder,

breast.
ubi, adv. and conj., in which

place, where ; where ? As conj.,

when.
ubique, [ubi -|- -que], adv., in

any place, everywhere.

ULCISCOR

Il8

UTERQUE

ulciBcor, -i, alias sam, 3, dep.,
a., avenge oneself on^ punish;
take vengeance for i avenge.

uUuB, -a, -am, gen. allios, adj.,
any. As subst., alias, -ias, m.,
any one, anybody, allam, - ias,
n., anything.

ulterior, -ias, gen. -5ris, [cf.
ultra], adj., comp., farther y be-
yond. Neu., alterias, as adv.,
beyond, farther ; to a greater
degree, more. Sup., altimas,
-a, -am, furthest, most distant,
uttermost, last; utmost, greatest.

ultimas, see ulterior.

ultio, -onis, [ulciscor], f., aveng-
ing, revenge.

ultr&, adv., on the other side, be-
yond, besides.

ultro, adv., to the farther side, be-
yond, on the other side ; gratui-
tously, voluntarily.

umbra, -ae, f., shade, shadow;
image, semblance.

umerus,-!, m.,upper arm, shoulder .

umquam, adv., at any time, ever.

fLnft, [onus], adv., in the same
place, atjhe same time, together.

unde, adv., from whici^ place,
whence; where; from whom, from
which; where ? on' which side ?

tindecim, [onas-t- decern], num.
adj., indecl., eleven.

undique, adv., from all parts,
from every quarter ^ on all sides.

tlniversus, -a, -am, [oaus -f-
versas], adj., all together, all
in one, whole, entire; general.
As subst, universi, -or am, m.,
pi., all men.

imus, -a, -am, gen. unias, adj.,
one, a single, only.

fLnusquisque, unaquaeqae,

onamquodqae, [anas -f quis-
qae], adj., each one, every one.

urb&QUB, -a, -am, [urbs], adj.,
of tlie city, in the city, in Rome.
As subst., arbani, -oram, m.,
pi., the citizens.

urbB, arbis, f., a walled town,
city; often JRome.

urlnfttor, -oris, m., diver.

Ama, -ae, [cf. aro], f., vessel of
clay, urn ; voting-urn.

usquam, adv., anywhere.

uaque, adv., all the way, right on,
continuously, even.

usiirpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [asus
-f rapio], I, a., seize for use,
seize upon, make use of, enjoy.

fisus, -as, [ator], m., use, prac-
tice, employment ; experience,
training; custom, practice ;
profit, advantage.

ut or ul3, adv., of place, where;
of time, as soon as, when; of
manner, interrog., how f in what
manner? relative, as, seeing that.

ut or uti, conj. with subj., of re-
sult, that, so that; of purpose,
in order that, that ; of conces-
sion, although.

fiter, -tris, m., bag of hide, leather
bottle, skin.

uter, utra, atram, gen. atrius,
adj., which of two, which ; which-
ever one ; either of the two.

uterque, utraque, atramque,
gen. atriusqae, adj., each,
either, each one, both.

UTILIS

119

VEHEMENTER

fitUis, -e, [utor], adj., useful,
serviceable^ helpful; profitable,
expedient.

utinam, adv., oh, that! if only!
would that !

utique, adv., in any case, at any
rate, certainly ; especially,

titor, aid, asus sum, 3, dep., n.,
used with abL, make use of, em-
ploy, enjoy,

fttrlmque, adv., on both sides, on
either hand, on the one side and
on the other.

utrum, adv., whet/ier.

uxor, -oris, f., wife, spouse, con-
sort.

vac5, -are, -avi, -fttiuii, i, n., be

empty, be void, be vacant, be
without; be free from labor, have
leisure.

vae, inter)., ah ! alas ! woe !

vsder, -£ra, -fruin, adj., sly, cun-
ning, crafty, artful.

vSLgitUB, -us, [vagid], m., crying,
squalling.

vale5, -ere, -ui, fut. part, valita-
ms, 2, n., be strong, have strength,
be able; be well; have power,
have influence, prevail; as greet-
ing, imp., vale, farewell

Valerius, -i, m., Valerius, See
IiaevInuB.

valStddo, -inis, {y9\eio],{., habit,
state of health, health; good
health; bad health.

validuB, -a, -am, [cf. valeo],
adj., strong, stout, able ; power-
fulf mighty.

vallSa or vallia, -is, f., valley,
vale.

vSllum, -i, n., line of palisades,
intrenchment ; wall, rampart,
fortification.

vfinuB, -a, -um, adj., containing
nothing, empty, void; ostenta-
tious, vain; false^ untrustwor-
thy.

varius, -a, -am, adj., variegated,
parti- colored, mottled, diverse;
various, changeful; inconstant,
fickle.

varus, -i, m., Ftfr«f. SeeQnihc-
tiUus.

varijc, -icis, m., dilated vein,
varix.

VarrS, -dnis, m., Varro. See
Terentias.

vas, vadis, m., bail, security,
surety.

▼as, vasis, n., vessely dish, uten-
sil; pi., Tasa, -Oram, equip-
ments, baggage.

▼ast5, -are, -avi, -atam, [vas-
tas], I, a., make empty, deprive
of occupants, lay waste.

vftstiu, -a, -am, adj., empty, un-
occupied, waste, desert ; vast, im-
mense, huge ; rough, rude.

-ve, [vel], conj., enclitic, or.

▼egetus, -a, -am, adj., enlivened,
lively., vigorous, brisk.

▼ehemSna, -entis, adj., eager,
violent, impetuous ; active, tfig-
orous, fresh.

▼ehementer, [vehemens], adv.,
eagerly, ardently, earnestly, ve-
hemently ; exceedingly, very
much.

VEHO

1 20

VERUS

veh5y -ere, vexi, Tectum, 3, a.,
bear, carry ^ convey^ draw,

VSiSiiB, -entis, adj., of Veii, a
town of the Etruscans, about
twelve miles north of Rome.
As subst, m., pL, tke inhabitants
of Veti.

vel, [old imp. of volo], conj., or
if you will, or even, or, vel . . .
vel, either , , , or.

vel, [conj. vel], adv., or even,
even, certainly, indeed,

v615, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
cover up, veil,

VS153E, -dels, adj., sivift, quick,
fleet, rapid.

velut or veluti, adv., even as,
just as ; just as if, as if

vSnabiilum, -i, [venor], n., a
hunting- spear.

v6n&tid, -dnis, [venor], f., hunt-
ing; hunting spectacle,

v6iid5, -dere, -did!, -ditom,
[venum, sale + do], 3, a., sell,

venSnum, -i, n., poison.

v6ne5, -ire, -ii, — , [venum, sale,
-f eo], irr., n., go to sale, be sold.

venerSltid, -onis, [veneror], f.,
profiundest respect, reverence,
veneration,

veneror, -an, -atus sum, i, dep.,
a., reverence, worship, adore,
venerate; entreat, supplicate,

venia, -ae, f., indulgence, kind-
ness, favor ^ forbearance, par-
don.

venio, -ire, veni, ventum, 4, n.,
come, go.

v6nor, -ari, -atus sum, i, dep., n.
and a , hunt, chase.

ventito, -are, -avi, — , [freq. of
venio], i, n., come often, keep
coming, resort,

ventUB, -i, m., wind.

Venufda, -ae, f., Venusia, a town
on the borders of Lrucania and
Apulia.

venustiu, -a, -um, adj., charm-
i^gi agreeable, beautiful ; grace-
ful.

verber, -eris, n., lash, whip,
scourge, rod; lashing; blow.

verbum, -i, n., word, saying.

vSrS, [verus], adv., truly.

verScundia, -ae, [cf. vereor], f.,
modesty, shame; respect.

vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, dep.,
a., reverence, respect, stand in
awe; fear, be afraid.

v6r5, [verus], adv. and conj.,
in truth, truly, indeed, however.

verrtLca, -ae, f., wart.

versicultiB, -i, [dim. of versus],
m., little line, short verse.

verso, -are, -avi, -atum, [freq.
of verto], I, a., turn often;
vex, agitate; think over, medi-
tate ; pass., be, be situated, be
busied; occupy oneself, conduct
oneself

yerauB, -us, [verto], m., line,
row, verse.

verto, -ere, -ti, -sum, 3, a., turn,
direct, change ; pass., be turned,
turn about, return.

vSmm, [verus], adv., truly, cer-
tainly ; but.

v6niB, -a, -um, adj., true, real,
actual, genuine; right, proper^
reasonable, re vera, see reB.

VESTA

121

VINCO

Veata, -ae, f., Vesta^ goddess of
the hearth and home ; also guar-
dian of the city and home-life
of the Romans.

Yestibuliiin, -i, n., enclosed space
before a house, fore-court, vesH-
hule, •

vestigium, -i, n., bottom of foot,
sole; foot; footstep, fowt-print ;
trace, mark, vestige,

▼estis, -is, f., covering for the
body, clothes, clothing; robe,

▼eterftnuB, -a, -am, [Tetos],
adj., old, veteran. As subst.,
▼eterani, -drum, m., pi., vet-
eran soldiers, veterans.

▼et5, -are, -ui, -itom, i, a., not
suffer, not permit, oppose^ forbid,
prohibit.

Veturia; -ae, f., Veturia, the
mother o£ Coriolanus.

▼etas, -^Tia, adj., old, aged; for-
mer, of long standing, of a for-
mer Hme, As subst, m., pi.,
men ofold^ ancestors.

▼fix5, -are, -avi, -atom, [freq.
of Taho], I, a., shake, toss vio-
lently: harry, waste; trouble,
disturb,

via, -ae, f., way, highway, road;
passage, march, fourney.

vicftxiuB, -a, -mn, [vicas, change],
adj., supplying a place, substi-
tuted, delegated As subst., vi-
carius, -i, m., substitute, dele-
gate,

vIcSsimiui, -a, -urn, [viginti],
adj., twentieth,

vibifiiui, [cf. viginti], adv.,
twenty times.

vfcXnoB, -a, -urn, [vicns], adj.,
of the neighborhood^ near; neigh-
boring, in the vicinity,

victor, -dris, [vinco], m., con-
queror, vanquisher, victor; in
apposition, with adj. iorct, victo-
rious.

vlct5ria, -ae, [victor], f., vic-
tory, success.

vlcus, -i, m., row of houses, street,
quarter; village.

videlicet, [videre, licet], adv.,
one may see, you see, clearly,
plainly, of course ; in irony, of
course, forsooth.

vide5, -ere, vidi, visuin, 2, a.,
see, discern, go to see, visit;
pass., seem.

vigil, vig^lis, adj., awake, on the
watch, alert. As subst., m.,
watchman, sentinel,

vigilantia, -ae, [cf. vigil], f.,
wakefulness, vigilance,

vigilia, -ae, [vigil], f., watching,
wakefulness, sleeplessness; watch,
a fourth part of the night.

vIgintI, num. adj., indecl., twenty.

vHictiB, -i, [vUla], m., overseer
of an estate, steward, bailiff.

villa, -ae, [dim. of vicas], f.,
country-house, farm, villa.

V&ninaiis, -e, adj., of osiers,
Viminalis collis, the Viminal,
one of the seven hills of Rome.

vinci5, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, 4,
a., bind, bind fast; fetter, con-
fine, restrain.

vinc5, -ere, vica, victam, 3, a.,
conquer, overcome, defeat, sub-
due ; prevail, have one's way.

VINCULUM

122

VOLO

vincnlnm, -i, [vincid], n., means
of bindings bond, fetter, rope ;
^X.ffetterSy bonds, chains.

vindic5, -are, -avi, -atom, [vin-
dex], I, a., assert claim to, de-
mand formally, claim; avenge,
punish.

v&ium, -i, n.» wine,

violentus, -a, -am, [cf. yib], adj.,
forcible, violent, impettutuSfboiS'
terous.

violo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cf. vis],
I, a., treat with violence, injure;
dishonor, outrage, violate,

vir, viri, m., male person, man ;
husband,

virg5, -iniB, f., maid, maiden,
virgin; young woman, girl.

vUIlia, -e, [vir], of a man,
manly, of manhood, masculine,
virile; bold, spirited.

▼ixitim, [vir], adv., man by man,
singly, individually.

virtfis, -ntis, [vir], f., manli-
ness, manhood, strength, bravery,
courage.

VIS, — , ace. vim, abl. vi, f.,
strength, force, vigor, energy;
hostile force, violence ; quantity,
number; pi., vrrea, -inm, energy,
vigor.

viso, -ere, visi, visum, [freq. of
video], 3, a., look at attentively,
survey ; go to see.

visas, -us, [video], m., look; ap-
pearance, msion,

vita, -ae, [cf. vivo], f, life; way
of life ; existence, being,

vitid, -are, -avi, -abum, i, a.,
make faulty, injure, spoil.

vitimn, -i, n., fault, defect, blem»
ish,vice; unfavorable sign; of-
fence, crime.

vlt5, -are, -avi, -atom, i, a.,
shun, seek to escape, avoid.

vitaper&ti5, -onis, [vitupero],
f., blaming, censuring,*tensure ;
cause of blame, blameworthy con-
duct,

vituper5, -are, -avi, -atom, [vi-
tifim, cf. par 5], i, a., iv^ict
censure, blame, censure^ re-
proach,

vlv5, -ere, vixi, victom, 3, n.,
live, be alive, have life; peas the
time, dwell,

vivus, -a, -um, [cf. vivo], adj.,
alive, living, having life; of a
river, running; lively, vigorous,
vivacious.

vix, adv., with difficujlty, hardly,
scarcely, barely,

v5cileror, -ari, -atoa sum, [vox,
cf. fero], I, dep., n., cry out,
exclaim, shout, vociferate,

vocitd, -are, -avi, -atom, [freq.
of voc5], I, a. and n., callhahit-
ually, name ; call loudly,

voc5, -are, avi, -atnm, [cf.
vox], I, a., caU, summon, in^
. voke ; call by name, name ; call
together, bid, invite.

volito, -are, -avi, -atom, [freq.
of V0I6], I, Tk., fly to and fro, flit
about, move, fly, hasten.

V0I6, velle, volui, — , irr., n.,
will, Tvish, be minded, determine;
be willing, consent.

void, -are, -avi, -atom, i,. il,
fly; move swiftly, fiee^ hasten.

VOLSCUS

123

ZONA

Volscus, -a, -um, adj., of the
Volsci, Volscian. As subst.,
Vols<a, -dram, m., pL, the Vol-
scian s^ an ancient .people of
Central Italy, southeast of Rome,
included in Latium in its widest
extent, with whom the Romans
waged many wars in the early
days of their history.

volucer, -cris, -ere, 2^^]-, flyings
winged. As subst, f., (sc. avis),
flying creature^ bird.

volfimen, -inis, [cf. volvo], n.,
coily whirltfl>id; roll of writings
book, volume,

Volumnia, -ae, f., Volumniaf the
wife of Coriolanus.

voluntSxiuB, -a, -urn, [volun-
tas], adj., willing^ of free willy
voluntary. As subst., volun-
tarii, -5rnin, m., pi., volunteers.

voliint^, -atis, [cf. volo], f.,
willy freewill ; wish, desire ^ in-
clination.

volupUlB, -atis, [cf. volo], f.,
pleasure, enjoymenf; desire, pas-
sion,

vStum, -i, [voveo], n., promise
to a god, solemn pledge, vow;
wish, longing, prayer.

voveS, -ere, vovi, votum, 2, n.,
vow, promise solemnly, dedicate,
consecrate.

v5z, voeis, f., voice, sound, tone,
cry, call; saying, word, speech,

vulgaris, -e, [vulgus], adj., of
the masses, general, usual, ordi

nary, common ; commonplace,

vulgar.
viilgo, [vulgus], adv., commonly,

generally, publicly.
▼ulgns/ -1, n., the masses, multi-
tude, people, public; crowd,

rabble.
vulnerd, -are, -avi, -atum, [vul-

nus], I, a., wound, hurt, injure,

harm.
vulnuB, -eris, n., wound; blow,

misfortune, calamity.
vultur, -uris, m., vulture.
vultUB, -us, m., expression of

countenance, visage, feature,

look ; face.

X.

XanthippuB, -i, m., Xanthippus,
a general of the Lacedaemoni-
ans, who, as leader of the Car-
thaginians, defeated Regulus.

Xenophon, -ontis, m., Xenophon,
an Athenian who conducted the
Retreat of the Ten Thousand in
400 B.C. He is celebrated also
as a writer.

Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town in
Numidia, southwest of Carthage,
the scene of the defeat of Han-
nibal by Scipio Africanus.

zona, -ae, i.,»girdle, belt; money-
belt.

QUiSPIAM 124 QUISPIAM

ADDENDUM.

quiapiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, I pron., any one, anything; some
and, as adj., qaodpiam, indef. ont, something.

LATIN, 19

Selected Orations and Letters of Cicero

With Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis W.
Kelsey. i2mo, half leather, 518 pages. Illustrated. Price, ]9$i.25.

THE Orations given in this edition are the four against Cati-
line, those for the Manilian Law, Archias, Marcellus, and
the fourth oration against Antony. These are edited with a
view to showing their value as examples of oratory, rather than
as offering mere material for grammatical drill. The student's
attention is directed to the occasion and circumstances of their
delivery, as well as to the motive and method of presenting the
matter contained in them. Modes of legal procedure, the Con-
stitution and form of government in Cicero's time, and the whole
environment of the orator, are brought into clear view, and made
a reality to the student.

The Letters are selected with reference to the light they shed
on Cicero as a man rather than as a politician. They afford
pleasant glimpses of his private life, and help to make real the
pupil's conception* of the times in which he lived. As material
for short exercises for sight translation or rapid reading they
will be found of special value.

A Table of Idioms and Phrases presents in form convenient
for use, constructions that deserve special attention.

Lincoln Owen, Principal of the Rice Training-School^ Boston: Kelsey's
Cicero is a model in the art of text-book making. It cannot fail to be a
success for editor, publisher, and user. I count the teachers and the pupils
of the present generation fortunate in having such admirable " instruments
of education '' as Professor Kelsey is preparing for us.

Professor J. W. Steams, University of Wisconsin : Kelsey's Cicero com-
mends itself more than any words of mine can commend it. It is a teach-
er's book, up to modern times, both in text and annotations, and adnaiirably
printed.

ttiss Ellen F. Snow, High School., Keene., N.H, : I have now used it in my
classes for five weeks in connection with ... in the hands of a part of
the class. Kelsey has the preference every time. It gives a body to the
ideas, and tells the scholars things that they want to know in a way suited
to them. I have been waiting long enough to test it, and I like it better
every week.

18 LATIN.

Cassar's aallic War

Edited, with Introduction. Notes, Vocabulary, Tabl« of Idioms, and
twenty fail-page Illustrations, by Professor Francis W. Kelsey, Uni-
versity of Michigan. i2mo, half leather, 506 pages. Price, $1.25.

THROUGHOUT the book every effort has been made, by
way of illustration and comment, to render the study of
Csesar attractive and useful, a means of culture as well as of dis-
cipline. That the result has been to produce the best-equipped
edition of the Gallic War is generally conceded.

The Introduction, besides giving a full review of Caesar's life
and character, furnishes also a concise and logical account of
the Roman art of war in Caesar's time. The Illustrations con-
sist of six full-page colored plates, of a double-page map of Gaul,
and of fourteen full-page maps and plans.

The text is clear, accurate, and uniform in its orthography,
and is conveniently divided by brief English summaries.

The Notes are apt and sensible, with full references to the
Grammars of Bennett, Allen and Greenough, and Harkness.

The Table of Idioms and Phrases, found in no other edition,
will enable a teacher to drill his class on those constructions
which are most perplexing to beginners.

The Vocabulary, like the Notes, is intended to give the pupil
only such help as he needs, and such knowledge as he can digest.

Charles S. Chapin, Principal High School^ Fitchburgy Mass,: I consider
Kelsey's Csesar, both for teacher and pupil, the most admirable edition in
the field, combining in one volume text, notes, dictionary of antiquities,
maps, and all the instruments for successful study of the Commentaries.

0. D. Robinson, Principal High School, Albany, N.Y.: As a text-book it
seems to me if not absolutely perfect, to approach as near perfection as
any book I have ever examined. The Introduction and colored plates
are invaluable as aids to a clear understanding of the text, and are su-
perior to anything of the kind elsewhere. The maps, notes, vocabulary,
and table of idioms, are unsurpassed in any text-book of Caesar now in use.

Richard M. Jones, Head Master, Wm. Penn Charter School, Philadel-
phia : Kelsey's Caesar is, in my judgment, the nearest approach yet made
in this country to what a school edition of an ancient classic shoukl be.

20 LATIN.

Selections from Ovid

With an Introdaction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis
W. Kelsey. Illustrated. i2mo, half leather, 447 pages. Price, jSi.25.

AS in the editions of Caesar and Cicero by the same editor,
no pains have been spared to make the book pleasing to
the eye and useful to the student. The selections, with a few
exceptions, are short and complete in themselves. A consider-
able number of them will be found suitable for sight-reading.

The Introduction contains a sketch of the life and works of
Ovid, with a short essay on Ovid as a poet, together with an
outline of Greek and Roman Mythology.

The Notes are elementary, but at the same time they aim to
suggest a poetic interpretation of the author.

William C. Collar, Headmaster^ Roxbury Latin School^ Mass. : I am glad to
see an edition containing so good and so varied a collection from Ovid's
writings. The book seems to me to be a very conscientious piece of work,
and I am particularly pleased with the frequent and happy quotations, in
the notes, of passages from English poets.

Walter A. Edwards, Prmcipalf High School^ Rockford^ III. : I am delighted
with it. The editor has made an excellent school-book, without thrusting
into the background the literary charm of the text he is annotating. The
abundant quotations from the English poets must materially help toward
a right appreciation and enjoyment of Ovid's poetry.

L. C. Hull, Lawrenceville School^ NJ.: Professor Kelsey has again shown
how admirably he can meet the wants of good teachers. But his edition
of Ovid does more than this. It must quicken the poetic sense of even
the most prosaic teachers. I cannot help feeling that many a pupil will
thank Professor Kelsey for having shown how the same themes that in-
spired Ovid still live in our own English classics. We have had given to
us a manual of mythology, a scholarly edition of a Latin classic, and an
abundance of poetic inspiration, all at once. Ovid did not write to ex-
hibit the grammatical usages of his day, or to help make philologists ; and
Professor Kelsey has not made the mistake of supposing that his verses
are best used when they are made to serve such purposes.

Professor George H. White, Oberlin College : The notes are made attrac-
tive, and their meaning more clear, by many quotations from a wide range
of English poets. In this latter respect it is superior to every other school
edition of the ancient classics. I commend the book without reserve.

28 LATIN.

First Latin Reader

Including Principles of Syntax and Exercises for Translation. By
Jared W. Scudder, Latin Master in tlie Albany Academy. i6mo,
doth, 295 pages. Price 90 cents.

THE first distinctive feature of this book is, as its name sug-
^sts, that the lessons contain connected Latin passages
for the pupil to read. As soon as practicable, the special gram-
matical points to be learned in each lesson are illustrated, not in
disconnected sentences, but in a continuous Latin story. The
stories are drawn chiefly from Roman mythology and traditional
Roman histoty, interspersed with an occasional passage on the
life of the Romans. This plan has the advantages of acting as
a powerful incentive to work ; of adding directly to the pupil's
knowledge of Roman mythology, traditions, and customs ; and
of emphasizing at the outset the faict that grammar is merely a
means to the enjoyment of literature.

The second feature is that the exercises foi translating English
into Latin are based on the text immediately preceding them.

A third point of special importance is that, beginning with
Lesson XX., a passage to be translated at sight is included in
every lesson. In the report of the Latin Conference to the Com-
mittee on Secondary School Studies, this point is particularly
emphasized. Questions for the pupil are inserted at the end of
each lesson. These are not intended te take the place of ques-
tions by the teacher, but are merely to enable the pupil to ascer-
tain whether he has thoroughly mastered his lesson. All the
necessary principles of English Grammar are incorporated in
the body of the book.

Lastly, questions in Latin referring to the text are included,
in the belief that nothing fits the pupil more quickly to under-
stand Latin without translating, than this method of asking and
answering questions in Latin. It is expected that the use of
this book will not only add to the beginner^s enjoyment of
Latin, but that it will insure rapid progress and unusual facility
in reading and understanding the language.

LATIN. 29

Qradatim

An Easy I^tin Translation Book for Beginners. By H. R. Heatley,
and H. N. Kingdon. Revised by J. W. Sc udder, Latin Master in
the Albany Academy. i6mo, cloih, 228 pages. Price, 50 cents.

GRADATIM offers an excellent selection of ea.sy reading-
matter which may be used to arouse and stimulate the
interest of the pupil in his early study of Latin. It may be used
either for lessons to be regularly prepared by classes just begin-
ning the subject, or for sight-reading by more advanced stu-
dents. The abundance of material offered will allow the teacher
to select such stories as will best serve his particular purpose.
The special excellence of Gradatim lies in the intrinsic interest
of the stories. In this respect it is equalled by no similar book
that has been ever issued.

Twenty-five pages of Latin stories, which illustrate the use of
the Accusative with the Infinitive, the Subjunctive of Indirect
Question, and the Ablative Absolute, have been added to the
original work. This is the only edition of the work in which
these three subjects are especially treated.

In the first third of the book, all long vowels have been
marked; elsewhere they are marked only in words whi^h are
likely to be mispronounced, or which occur for the first time.

The Vocabulary has been entirely rewritten, and its scope
much enlarged.

Ray Greene Huling, Principal of the English High School^ Cambridge,
Mass, : In its original English form it was a delightful primer, and has
relieved the drudgery of elementary work in Latin in many schools. The
changes introduced by this editor are genuine additions, making the work
a much better supplementary book for early translation than before.

H. S. Cowell, Cushing Academy, Ashbumham^ Mass.: I regard it as a
very valuable book for supplementary work for first-year Latin students.

Professor John H. Grove, Ohio Wesleyan University: It is certainly an
admirable book to put into Che hands of beginners in Latin as a com-
panion to the Latin Grammar. In both matter and general appearance
the work will commend itself to instructors.

B. L. D'Ooge, Normal School^ Ypsilanti^ Mich, : It is in my judgment by far
the best collection of easy Latin Selections available.

14 L^TIN.

A Latin Grammar

By Professor Charles £. Bennett, ConwU University. i2mo, cloth,
263 pages. Price, 80 cents.

IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre-
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre-
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages
found only in ante-classical and port-classical Latin, and by
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions,
it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade-
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have
tried Bennett^s Grammar find that they are materially helped by
being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which
forms the bulk of the older grammars.

Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoin College^ Brunswick^ Maine:
The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness
of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of
statement, giving defmitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd-
ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young
student instead of helping him. I trustit will come into general use, for
I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass
and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram-
matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger
grammars.

Professor Alfred M. Wilson, University of Nebraska^ Lincoln: I have
examined it very carefully, and I can say, truly and with pleasure, that
my first impressions have become positive convictions as to the very great
value and utility of the book. I am daily using it with increasing delight
•and satisfaction. It is clear, concise, and independent.

The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear
and forcible, statement. Just enough examples are given to illustrate each
principle without discouraging the pupil by their number and variety.
The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate
for ordinary school work and for the use of freshmen and sophomores in
college.

This book shoiild be returned* tp*
the Library on or before the last date
stamped below.

A fine of five cents a day is incurred
by retaining it beyond -the specified
time.

Please return promptly.